{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:12:22Z","timestamp":1792782742400,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, progressive neurodegenerative autoimmune disease and a major cause of neurological disability worldwide. MS affects approximately 2.8-3\u00a0million people, predominantly presenting as relapsing\u2013remitting MS (RRMS) that frequently converts to secondary progressive disease, while effective options for progressive phenotypes remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review reframes MS immunotherapy through a tolerance-centric paradigm, distinguishing continuous maintenance disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) from immune reconstitution therapies (IRTs) and emerging antigen-specific tolerance strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Classical immune reconstitution therapies, including alemtuzumab, cladribine, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), have demonstrated durable disease control and prolonged periods of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in appropriately selected patients. This is accomplished through a finite course of lymphocyte depletion followed by qualitative immune repopulation that favors tolerogenic regulatory T (Treg) and regulatory B (Breg) cells over pathogenic Th1\/Th17 clones. In contrast, maintenance DMTs (interferons, sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators, anti-CD20 monoclonals, natalizumab) suppress inflammation activity during continuous administration but lack durable immune reset. Building on IRT principles, next-generation cell-based therapies (tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs), autologous Tregs, and mesenchymal stromal cells\/extracellular vesicles (MSCs\/EVs)), aim to induce precision, antigen-specific tolerance while minimizing systemic immunosuppression. These approaches hold promise for overcoming the limitations of chronic immunosuppression, providing durable disease control, and improving long-term patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies represent an emerging shift from lifelong disease control toward durable immune resetting and the possibility of sustained drug-free remission in MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09328-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:57:12Z","timestamp":1787029032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Alireza Beheshti","family":"Maal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandana Kazem","family":"Arki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Massood","family":"Nabavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Rezaei-Tavirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Rismani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massoud","family":"Vosough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoo","family":"Hossein-Khannazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","volume":"378","author":"DS Reich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA (2018) Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 378(2):169\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517694432","volume":"23","author":"G Kobelt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kobelt G, Thompson A, Berg J, Gannedahl M et al (2017) New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Mult Scler 23(8):1123\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517694432","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"14","key":"9328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W et al (2020) Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler 26(14):1816\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520970841","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00353-6","volume":"15","author":"G Khan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khan G, Hashim MJ (2025) Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: global, regional, national and sub-national-level estimates and future projections. J Epidemiol Glob Health 15(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00353-6","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"9328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12047-9","volume":"271","author":"A Habbestad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habbestad A, Willumsen JS, Aarseth JH, Grytten N et al (2024) Increasing age of multiple sclerosis onset from 1920 to 2022: a population-based study. J Neurol 271(4):1610\u20131617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-12047-9","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30443-5","volume":"18","author":"GMS Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collaborators GMS (2019) Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18(3):269\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30443-5","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Portaccio E, Magyari M, Havrdova EK, Ruet A et al (2024) Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course. Lancet Reg Health \u2013 Europe 44:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0041-4","volume":"4","author":"M Filippi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, Preziosa P et al (2018) Multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-018-0041-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02415-4","volume":"10","author":"I Boutitah-Benyaich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boutitah-Benyaich I, Eixarch H, Villacieros-\u00c1lvarez J, Hervera A et al (2025) Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Therapy 10(1):324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-025-02415-4","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"issue":"12","key":"9328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","volume":"133","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Cree BAC (2020) Treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. Am J Med 133(12):1380\u20131390e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70023","volume":"55","author":"T Montague","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montague T, Drummond J, Ng K, Parratt J (2025) Advancements in multiple sclerosis. Intern Med J 55(6):895\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.70023","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"9328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1101379","volume":"17\u20132023","author":"G Angelini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelini G, Bani A, Constantin G, Rossi B (2023) The interplay between T helper cells and brain barriers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 17\u20132023:p. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1101379","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05450-x","volume":"22","author":"H Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu H, Li H, Li R, Liu P et al (2024) Re-establishing immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis: focusing on novel mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell regulation of Th17\/Treg balance. J Transl Med 22(1):663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-05450-x","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1651","volume":"13","author":"H Kebir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A et al (2007) Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med 13(10):1173\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1651","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08866-1","volume":"62","author":"P Baeten","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baeten P, Van Zeebroeck L, Kleinewietfeld M, Hellings N et al (2022) Improving the efficacy of regulatory T cell therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 62(2):363\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-021-08866-1","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00462-7","volume":"35","author":"K Chwojnicki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chwojnicki K, Iwaszkiewicz-Grze\u015b D, Jankowska A, Zieli\u0144ski M et al (2021) Administration of CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25highCD127\u2013FoxP3\u2009+\u2009regulatory T cells for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study. BioDrugs 35(1):47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40259-020-00462-7","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-112","volume":"9","author":"M Fransson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fransson M, Piras E, Burman J, Nilsson B et al (2012) CAR\/FoxP3-engineered T regulatory cells target the CNS and suppress EAE upon intranasal delivery. J Neuroinflamm 9(1):112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-9-112","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00430-z","volume":"12","author":"J De S\u00e8ze","year":"2023","unstructured":"De S\u00e8ze J, Suchet L, Mekies C, Manchon E et al (2023) The place of immune reconstitution therapy in the management of relapsing multiple sclerosis in france: an expert consensus. Neurol Ther 12(2):351\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-022-00430-z","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"9328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102492","volume":"19","author":"J Sellner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sellner J, Rommer PS (2020) Immunological consequences of immune reconstitution therapy in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Autoimmun rev 19(4):102492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102492","journal-title":"Autoimmun rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00557-1","volume":"21","author":"T Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen T, Dai Y, Hu C, Lin Z et al (2024) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Fluids Barriers CNS 21(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-024-00557-1","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200497","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000200497","volume":"12","author":"S Sandgren","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sandgren S, Novakova L, Axelsson M, Rosenstein I et al (2025) Lymphocyte dynamics and the emergence of secondary autoimmunity following immune reconstitution therapies in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 12(6):e200497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000200497","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"42","key":"9328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eady4135","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady4135","volume":"11","author":"E Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang E, Algarni H, Zhang L, Chao CJ et al (2025) Nanoparticle-boosted myeloid-derived suppressor cell therapy for immune reprogramming in multiple sclerosis. Sci Adv 11(42):eady4135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady4135","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"17","key":"9328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn1823","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn1823","volume":"8","author":"M Bronge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bronge M, H\u00f6gelin KA, Thomas OG, Ruhrmann S et al (2022) Identification of four novel T cell autoantigens and personal autoreactive profiles in multiple sclerosis. Sci Adv 8(17):eabn1823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abn1823","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"9328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kunkl M, Frascolla S, Amormino C, Volpe E et al (2020) T helper cells: the modulators of inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Cells 9(2):482\u2013501 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9020482","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020482"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.05.004","volume":"41","author":"CA P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez CA, Cuascut FX, Hutton GJ (2023) Immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a clinical update. Neurol Clin 41(1):87\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.05.004","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"9328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.10.005","volume":"88","author":"B Nicol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicol B, Salou M, Vogel I, Garcia A et al (2018) An intermediate level of CD161 expression defines a novel activated, inflammatory, and pathogenic subset of CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells involved in multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 88:61\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.10.005","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"23","key":"9328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.08.047","volume":"585","author":"A Saxena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saxena A, Martin-Blondel G, Mars LT, Liblau RS (2011) Role of CD8 T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 585(23):3758\u20133763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.08.047","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"9328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00498-5","volume":"17","author":"MT Cencioni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cencioni MT, Mattoscio M, Magliozzi R, Bar-Or A et al (2021) B cells in multiple sclerosis \u2014 from targeted depletion to immune reconstitution therapies. Nat Reviews Neurol 17(7):399\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-021-00498-5","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02938-3","volume":"30","author":"CR Zamecnik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamecnik CR, Sowa GM, Abdelhak A, Dandekar R et al (2024) An autoantibody signature predictive for multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 30(5):1300\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02938-3","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2221544120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221544120","volume":"120","author":"M Heming","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heming M, Wiendl H (2023) Learning multiple sclerosis immunopathogenesis from anti-CD20 therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 120(6):e2221544120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2221544120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofag097","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag097","volume":"13","author":"A Onisiforou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Onisiforou A (2026) The immunosuppression paradox in multiple sclerosis: are we fueling the fire by suppressing immunity in an epstein-barr virus-linked disease? Open Forum Infect Dis 13(3):ofag097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag097","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6578","key":"9328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","volume":"375","author":"K Bjornevik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, Kuhle J et al (2022) Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science 375(6578):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abj8222","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.032","volume":"189","author":"OG Thomas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Thomas OG, Rykaczewska U, Gale\u0161i\u0107 M, van der Burgt RTM et al (2026) Anoctamin-2-specific T cells link Epstein-Barr virus to multiple sclerosis. Cell 189(2):585\u2013602e38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.032","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7900","key":"9328_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","volume":"603","author":"TV Lanz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lanz TV, Brewer RC, Ho PP, Moon JS et al (2022) Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM. Nature 603(7900):321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.047","volume":"189","author":"L Steinman","year":"2026","unstructured":"Steinman L, Zamvil SS (2026) Discoveries beyond molecular mimicry describe how EBV drives multiple sclerosis. Cell 189(2):345\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.047","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.046","volume":"189","author":"J Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang J, Qiu Y, Marti Z, Li F et al (2026) EBV infection and HLA-DR15 jointly drive multiple sclerosis by myelin peptide presentation. Cell 189(2):569\u2013584e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.046","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12591","volume":"11","author":"K Kimura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimura K (2020) Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Clin Experimental Neuroimmunol 11(3):148\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen3.12591","journal-title":"Clin Experimental Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9328_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153534","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2153534","volume":"18","author":"J Verreycken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verreycken J, Baeten P, Broux B (2022) Regulatory T cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: Breaching (blood-brain) barriers. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 18(7):2153534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2022.2153534","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"9328_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arteaga-Cruz S, Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Alvarez-Salazar EK, Rosas-Cortina K et al (2023) Highly purified and functionally stable in vitro expanded allospecific Tr1 cells expressing immunosuppressive graft-homing receptors as new candidates for cell therapy in solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 14:1062456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1062456","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1062456"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr2033544","volume":"384","author":"JM Goverman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goverman JM (2021) Regulatory T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 384(6):578\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcibr2033544","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7638","key":"9328_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","volume":"541","author":"SA Liddelow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC et al (2017) Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 541(7638):481\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature21029","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-024-02206-6","volume":"74","author":"M Sharifi-Kelishadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharifi-Kelishadi M, Zare L, Fathollahi Y, Javan M (2024) Conversion of Astrocyte Cell Lines to Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Using Small Molecules and Transplantation to Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 74(2):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-024-02206-6","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"9328_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leuti A, Talamonti E, Gentile A, Tiberi M et al (2021) Macrophage plasticity and polarization are altered in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Biomolecules 11:837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11060837","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060837"},{"key":"9328_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531163","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1531163","volume":"19","author":"A Pogoda-Weso\u0142owska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pogoda-Weso\u0142owska A, Stachura I, Zegad\u0142o A, Maci\u0105gowska-Terela M et al (2025) Assessment of the impact of reconstitution therapies-cladribine tablets and alemtuzumab-on the atrophy progression among patients with relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis. Front Neurosci 19:1531163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1531163","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"9328_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riaz B, Islam SMS, Ryu HM, Sohn S (2023) CD83 regulates the immune responses in inflammatory disorders. Int J Mol Sci 24(3):2831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24032831","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032831"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02663-z","volume":"19","author":"C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu C, Zhu J, Mi Y, Jin T (2022) Impact of disease-modifying therapy on dendritic cells and exploring their immunotherapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 19(1):298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02663-z","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"9328_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws159","volume":"136","author":"G Kaur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaur G, Trowsdale J, Fugger L (2013) Natural killer cells and their receptors in multiple sclerosis. Brain 136(Pt 9):2657\u20132676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws159","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9328_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monaghan KL, Zheng W, Hu G, Wan ECK (2019) Monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells have distinct gene signatures in experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 10:2779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02779","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02779"},{"key":"9328_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103278","volume":"147","author":"L Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan L, Wang Y, Shen X, Ma F et al (2024) Soluble form of immune checkpoints in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 147:103278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103278","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"9328_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103514","volume":"58","author":"W-C Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang W-C, Lin H-C, Yang Y-H, Hsu C-W et al (2022) Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with a 2-year relapse in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders 58:103514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103514","journal-title":"Multiple Scler Relat Disorders"},{"key":"9328_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.06.005","volume":"169","author":"LCM Arruda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arruda LCM, de Azevedo JTC, de Oliveira GLV, Scortegagna GT et al (2016) Immunological correlates of favorable long-term clinical outcome in multiple sclerosis patients after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Immunol 169:47\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2016.06.005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9328_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813957","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.813957","volume":"12","author":"MT Cencioni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cencioni MT, Genchi A, Brittain G, de Silva TI et al (2021) Immune reconstitution following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: a review on behalf of the EBMT autoimmune diseases working party. Front Immunol 12:813957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.813957","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0268-z","volume":"16","author":"JD L\u00fcnemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00fcnemann JD, Ruck T, Muraro PA, Bar-Or A et al (2020) Immune reconstitution therapies: concepts for durable remission in multiple sclerosis. Nat Reviews Neurol 16(1):56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0268-z","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9328_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3331","volume":"80","author":"J M\u00fcller","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00fcller J, Cagol A, Lorscheider J, Tsagkas C et al (2023) Harmonizing definitions for progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. JAMA Neurol 80(11):1232\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3331","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4655","volume":"80","author":"C Tur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tur C, Carbonell-Mirabent P, Cobo-Calvo \u00c1, Otero-Romero S et al (2023) Association of early progression independent of relapse activity with long-term disability after a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 80(2):151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4655","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9328_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac016","volume":"145","author":"FD Lublin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lublin FD, H\u00e4ring DA, Ganjgahi H, Ocampo A et al (2022) How patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability. Brain 145(9):3147\u20133161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9328_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106812","volume":"104","author":"D Ortu\u00f1o-Sahag\u00fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ortu\u00f1o-Sahag\u00fan D, Hermosillo-Abundis C, Reyes-Mata MP, Arias Carri\u00f3n \u00d3 (2025) CAR T cells for multiple sclerosis: Engineering T cells to disrupt chronic B cell-driven neuroinflammation. Mult Scler Relat Disord 104:106812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106812","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"9328_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2018-063","volume":"22","author":"M Filipi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filipi M, Jack S (2020) Interferons in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability update. Int J MS Care 22(4):165\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7224\/1537-2073.2018-063","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2165\/11591110-000000000-00000","volume":"25","author":"BC Kieseier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kieseier BC (2011) The mechanism of action of interferon-\u03b2 in relapsing multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 25(6):491\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/11591110-000000000-00000","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2022.0238","volume":"43","author":"K Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen K, Olcer M, Howlett-Prieto Q, Feng X et al (2023) Prolonged interferon-stimulated gene and protein signatures in multiple sclerosis induced by PEGylated IFN-\u03b2-1a compared to non-PEGylated IFN-\u03b2-1a. J Interferon Cytokine Res 43(3):108\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.2022.0238","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"9328_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.45.7.1268","volume":"45","author":"KP Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC et al (1995) Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 45(7):1268\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.45.7.1268","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9328_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2147\/ppa.S68698","volume":"8","author":"M Caporro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caporro M, Disanto G, Gobbi C, Zecca C (2014) Two decades of subcutaneous glatiramer acetate injection: current role of the standard dose, and new high-dose low-frequency glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence 8:1123\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ppa.S68698","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"10306","key":"9328_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00244-0","volume":"398","author":"MP McGinley","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGinley MP, Cohen JA (2021) Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Lancet 398(10306):1184\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00244-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9328_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei W, Ma D, Li L, Zhang L (2021) Progress in the application of drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 12:724718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.724718","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.724718"},{"issue":"5","key":"9328_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907839","volume":"362","author":"JA Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, Hartung HP et al (2010) Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362(5):402\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0907839","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"9328_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(19)30238-8","volume":"18","author":"JA Cohen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Comi G, Selmaj KW, Bar-Or A et al (2019) Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RADIANCE): a multicentre, randomised, 24-month, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 18(11):1021\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(19)30238-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9328_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.2147\/ppa.S221882","volume":"16","author":"S Sabsabi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabsabi S, Mikhael E, Jalkh G, Macaron G et al (2022) Clinical evaluation of siponimod for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology, efficacy, safety, patient acceptability and adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence 16:1307\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ppa.S221882","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0212-x","volume":"74","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Pachner A, Menguy-Vacheron F, Kaplan J et al (2014) Teriflunomide and its mechanism of action in multiple sclerosis. Drugs 74(6):659\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-014-0212-x","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70308-9","volume":"13","author":"C Confavreux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Confavreux C, O\u2019Connor P, Comi G, Freedman MS et al (2014) Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 13(3):247\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70308-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9328_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00800-7","volume":"19","author":"J Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer J, Bar-Or A, Turner TJ, Wiendl H (2023) Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 19(5):289\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-023-00800-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9328_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00328-4","volume":"23","author":"X Montalban","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montalban X, Vermersch P, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A et al (2024) Safety and efficacy of evobrutinib in relapsing multiple sclerosis (evolutionRMS1 and evolutionRMS2): two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Neurol 23(11):1119\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00328-4","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"19","key":"9328_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415985","volume":"392","author":"J Oh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oh J, Arnold Douglas L, Cree Bruce AC, Ionete C et al (2025) Tolebrutinib versus teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 392(19):1893\u20131904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2415985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"9328_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415988","volume":"392","author":"RJ Fox","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Traboulsee A, Oreja-Guevara C et al (2025) Tolebrutinib in nonrelapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 392(19):1883\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2415988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9328_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.69854\/jcq.2025.0028","volume":"2","author":"Y Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin Y, Gao J, Magsi S, Zhao D (2025) Comparative therapeutic strategies for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Question 2(5):e88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69854\/jcq.2025.0028","journal-title":"J Clin Question"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.190132","volume":"341","author":"RH Scannevin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scannevin RH, Chollate S, Jung MY, Shackett M et al (2012) Fumarates promote cytoprotection of central nervous system cells against oxidative stress via the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 341(1):274\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.111.190132","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00700-0","volume":"34","author":"RT Naismith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naismith RT, Wundes A, Ziemssen T, Jasinska E et al (2020) Diroximel fumarate demonstrates an improved gastrointestinal tolerability profile compared with dimethyl fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results from the randomized, double-blind, phase III EVOLVE-MS-2 study. CNS Drugs 34(2):185\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-020-00700-0","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"9328_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","volume":"354","author":"CH Polman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polman CH, O\u2019Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M et al (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354(9):899\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"9328_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30282-x","volume":"16","author":"PR Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho PR, Koendgen H, Campbell N, Haddock B et al (2017) Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies. Lancet Neurol 16(11):925\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30282-x","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322326","volume":"91","author":"H Butzkueven","year":"2020","unstructured":"Butzkueven H, Kappos L, Wiendl H, Trojano M et al (2020) Long-term safety and effectiveness of natalizumab treatment in clinical practice: 10 years of real-world data from the Tysabri Observational Program (TOP). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(6):660\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322326","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"9328_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1452","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008243","volume":"93","author":"LZ Ryerson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ryerson LZ, Foley J, Chang I, Kister I et al (2019) Risk of natalizumab-associated PML in patients with MS is reduced with extended interval dosing. Neurology 93(15):e1452\u2013e1462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008243","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","volume":"376","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, Giovannoni G et al (2017) Ocrelizumab versus interferon Beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 376(3):221\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15171","volume":"29","author":"P Vermersch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vermersch P, Oreja-Guevara C, Siva A, Van Wijmeersch B et al (2022) Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with suboptimal response to prior disease-modifying therapies: A primary analysis from the phase 3b CASTING single-arm, open-label trial. Eur J Neurol 29(3):790\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15171","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9328_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1625","volume":"80","author":"I Roos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roos I, Hughes S, McDonnell G, Malpas CB et al (2023) Rituximab vs Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 80(8):789\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1625","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-024-01649-7","volume":"6","author":"WT Barham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barham WT, Dillman KM, Hebert JD, Kerut CK et al (2024) Ofatumumab: a novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for multiple sclerosis: a review of clinical considerations. SN Compr Clin Med 6(1):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42399-024-01649-7","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9328_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0","volume":"272","author":"P Preziosa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Preziosa P, Brescia Morra V, Capobianco M, Gasperini C et al (2025) Efficacy and safety of ublituximab for relapsing multiple sclerosis patients: current evidence and expert opinion. J Neurol 272(10):707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9328_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201904","volume":"387","author":"L Steinman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinman L, Fox E, Hartung HP, Alvarez E et al (2022) Ublituximab versus Teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 387(8):704\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2201904","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9328_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473284","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1473284","volume":"15","author":"E Alvarez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alvarez E, Steinman L, Fox EJ, Hartung HP et al (2024) Improvements in no evidence of disease activity with ublituximab vs. teriflunomide in the ULTIMATE phase 3 studies in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 15:1473284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1473284","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"9328_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641983691","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419836913","volume":"12","author":"PS Sorensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F (2019) Pulsed immune reconstitution therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 12:1756286419836913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286419836913","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-9032-5","volume":"66","author":"D Karussis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karussis D, Petrou P (2018) Immune reconstitution therapy (IRT) in multiple sclerosis: the rationale. Immunol Res 66(6):642\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-018-9032-5","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"9328_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von Essen MR, Chow HH, Holm Hansen R, Buhelt S et al (2023) Immune reconstitution following alemtuzumab therapy is characterized by exhausted T cells, increased regulatory control of proinflammatory T cells and reduced B cell control. Front Immunol 14:1249201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1249201","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1249201"},{"key":"9328_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Jia Q et al (2024) Risk of secondary immune thrombocytopenia following alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 15:1375615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1375615","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1375615"},{"key":"9328_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holm Hansen R, von Essen MR, Reith Mahler M, Cobanovic S et al (2024) Sustained effects on immune cell subsets and autoreactivity in multiple sclerosis patients treated with oral cladribine. Front Immunol 15:1327672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1327672","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1327672"},{"key":"9328_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Filippi M, Ferr\u00e8 L, Zanetta C, Rizzi C et al (2024) Prospective observational study to evaluate treatment satisfaction and effectiveness in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis starting cladribine tablets (CLADREAL) in Italy. Front Neurol 15:1379712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1379712","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1379712"},{"key":"9328_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642513572","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864251357275","volume":"18","author":"M Messner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Messner M, Unterhofer M, Strauss J, Mink S et al (2025) Long-term impact of oral cladribine on humoral immunity in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 18:17562864251357275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864251357275","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"20","key":"9328_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39302","volume":"10","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Y, Wang X, Hu Z, Huang R et al (2024) Advances in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. Heliyon 10(20):e39302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39302","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62726-4","volume":"14","author":"AA Nawar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nawar AA, Farid AM, Wally R, Tharwat EK et al (2024) Efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep 14(1):12545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-62726-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"9328_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1215","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011461","volume":"96","author":"G Boffa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boffa G, Massacesi L, Inglese M, Mariottini A et al (2021) Long-term clinical outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 96(8):e1215\u2013e1226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011461","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9328_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4025","volume":"78","author":"AE Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller AE, Chitnis T, Cohen BA, Costello K et al (2021) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in multiple sclerosis: recommendations of the national multiple sclerosis society. JAMA Neurol 78(2):241\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4025","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"9328_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prisciandaro M, Santinelli E, Tomarchio V, Tafuri MA et al (2024) Stem cells collection and mobilization in adult autologous\/allogeneic transplantation: critical points and future challenges. Cells 13:586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13070586","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070586"},{"issue":"9","key":"9328_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01290-2","volume":"23","author":"A Mariottini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mariottini A, De Matteis E, Cencioni MT, Muraro PA (2023) Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: recent advances. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 23(9):507\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-023-01290-2","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"9328_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moorman CD, Sohn SJ, Phee H (2021) Emerging therapeutics for immune tolerance: tolerogenic vaccines, T cell therapy, and IL-2 therapy. Front Immunol 12:657768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.657768","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.657768"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e194","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000194","volume":"3","author":"S De Mercanti","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Mercanti S, Rolla S, Cucci A, Bardina V et al (2016) Alemtuzumab long-term immunologic effect: Treg suppressor function increases up to 24 months. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3(1):e194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000194","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"9328_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00389-x","volume":"11","author":"F Nabizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabizadeh F, Pirahesh K, Rafiei N, Afrashteh F et al (2022) Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Ther 11(4):1553\u20131569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-022-00389-x","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"9328_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00410","volume":"9","author":"JC Massey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Massey JC, Sutton IJ, Ma DDF, Moore JJ (2018) Regenerating immunotolerance in multiple sclerosis with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Front Immunol 9:410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00410","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"9328_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casella G, Rasouli J, Boehm A, Zhang W et al (2020) Oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as antigen-specific therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice. Sci Transl Med 12(568):eaba0599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba0599","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba0599"},{"issue":"18","key":"9328_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8557","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188557","volume":"11","author":"P Szpakowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szpakowski P, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A (2021) Targeting antigen-presenting cells in multiple sclerosis treatment. Appl Sci 11(18):8557 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11188557","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"9328_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01169","volume":"9","author":"G Fl\u00f3rez-Grau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fl\u00f3rez-Grau G, Zubizarreta I, Cabez\u00f3n R, Villoslada P et al (2018) Tolerogenic dendritic cells as a promising antigen-specific therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica from preclinical to clinical trials. Front Immunol 9:1169 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01169","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0584-9","volume":"13","author":"MJ Mansilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mansilla MJ, Contreras-Cardone R, Navarro-Barriuso J, Cools N et al (2016) Cryopreserved vitamin D3-tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with autoantigens as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflamm 13(1):1\u201311 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-016-0584-9","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"9328_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.02.003","volume":"70","author":"A Barroso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barroso A, Mahler JV, Fonseca-Castro PH, Quintana FJ (2021) Therapeutic induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 70:33\u201339 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2021.02.003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"9328_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121758","volume":"9","author":"B Quirant-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quirant-S\u00e1nchez B, Mansilla MJ, Navarro-Barriuso J, Presas-Rodr\u00edguez S et al (2021) Combined therapy of vitamin D3-tolerogenic dendritic cells and interferon-\u03b2 in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis. Biomedicines 9(12):1758 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9121758","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12342","volume":"21","author":"MJ Mansilla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mansilla MJ, Sell\u00e8s-Moreno C, F\u00e0bregas\u2010Puig S, Amoedo J et al (2015) Beneficial effect of tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with MOG autoantigen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CNS Neurosci Ther 21(3):222\u2013230 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.12342","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"9328_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zubizarreta Nafarrate I, Florez G, Vila G, Cabez\u00f3n R et al (2017) Phase 1b clinical trial with antigen-specific tolerogenic dendritic in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: safety and immunological effects (P2. 330). Neurology 88:330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P2.330","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P2.330"},{"key":"9328_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zubizarreta I, Florez-Grau G, Vila G, Cabezon R et al (2019) Immune tolerance in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica by peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells: final results of the phase 1b clinical trial and extension (S56. 002). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 116(17):8463\u20138470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1820039116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820039116"},{"issue":"9","key":"9328_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030309","volume":"9","author":"B Willekens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willekens B, Presas-Rodr\u00edguez S, Mansilla M, Derdelinckx J et al (2019) Tolerogenic dendritic cell-based treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS): a harmonised study protocol for two phase I clinical trials comparing intradermal and intranodal cell administration. BMJ open 9(9):e030309 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030309","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"9328_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103051","volume":"138","author":"L Passeri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Passeri L, Andolfi G, Bassi V, Russo F et al (2023) Tolerogenic IL-10-engineered dendritic cell-based therapy to restore antigen-specific tolerance in T cell mediated diseases. J Autoimmun 138:103051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103051","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ltad012","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltad012","volume":"3","author":"MJ Mansilla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansilla MJ, Hilkens CMU, Mart\u00ednez-C\u00e1ceres EM (2023) Challenges in tolerogenic dendritic cell therapy for autoimmune diseases: the route of administration. Immunotherapy Adv 3(1):ltad012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/immadv\/ltad012","journal-title":"Immunotherapy Adv"},{"issue":"9","key":"9328_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108023","volume":"9","author":"J Verhagen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verhagen J, Gabry\u0161ov\u00e1 L, Shepard ER, Wraith DC (2014) CTLA-4 Modulates the differentiation of inducible Foxp3\u2009+\u2009Treg cells but IL-10 mediates their function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE 9(9):e108023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9328_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839073","volume":"39","author":"LA Stephens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stephens LA, Malpass KH, Anderton SM (2009) Curing CNS autoimmune disease with myelin-reactive Foxp3\u2009+\u2009Treg. Eur J Immunol 39(4):1108\u20131117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200839073","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"9328_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102401","volume":"108","author":"M Malviya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malviya M, Saoudi A, Bauer J, Fillatreau S et al (2020) Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with engineered bi-specific Foxp3\u2009+\u2009regulatory CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells. J Autoimmun 108:102401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102401","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.03.002","volume":"5","author":"F Fischbach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fischbach F, Richter J, Pfeffer LK, Fehse B et al (2024) CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis. Med 5(6):550\u2013558e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medj.2024.03.002","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"9328_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-205103","volume":"144","author":"J Richter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Richter J, Fischbach F, Pfeffer LK, Fehse B et al (2024) CD19-directed CAR T cell therapy in 4 patients with refractory multiple sclerosis. Blood 144(Supplement 1):2073\u20132073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-205103","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"23","key":"9328_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.09.020","volume":"188","author":"C Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin C, Dong MH, Zhou LQ, Chu YH et al (2025) Anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Cell 188(23):6414\u20136423e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.09.020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"9328_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-021-00560-w","volume":"34","author":"N Hossein-khannazer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossein-khannazer N, Torabi S, Hosseinzadeh R, Shahrokh S et al (2021) Novel cell-based therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases: the established concept, promising results. Hum Cell 34(5):1289\u20131300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13577-021-00560-w","journal-title":"Hum Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"9328_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x20666220201100238","volume":"20","author":"S Salahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salahi S, Mousavi MA, Azizi G, Hossein-Khannazer N et al (2022) Stem cell-based and advanced therapeutic modalities for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a risk-effectiveness patient-centered analysis. Curr Neuropharmacol 20(12):2320\u20132345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x20666220201100238","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01208-w","volume":"14","author":"T Lan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lan T, Luo M, Wei X (2021) Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells in cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 14(1):195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-021-01208-w","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9328_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-023-10539-9","volume":"19","author":"G Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang G, Fan X, Liu Y, Jie P et al (2023) Immunomodulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Reviews Rep 19(5):1214\u20131231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12015-023-10539-9","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reviews Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12712","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12712","volume":"53","author":"W Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang W, Xu J (2020) Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 53(1):e12712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpr.12712","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"9328_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miceli V, Bulati M, Iannolo G, Zito G et al (2021) Therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells: the need of cell priming for cell-free therapies in regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 22(2):763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22020763","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020763"},{"issue":"3","key":"9328_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70039","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.70039","volume":"45","author":"M Rajabi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajabi M, Shafaeibajestan S, Asadpour S, Alyari G et al (2025) Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: new therapeutic approaches. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 45(3):e70039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/npr2.70039","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00580-2","volume":"12","author":"A Hazrati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Khorramdelazad H, Rajaei S et al (2024) Therapeutic and immunomodulatory potentials of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells and immune checkpoints related molecules. Biomark Res 12(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-024-00580-2","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9328_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1433-7","volume":"16","author":"NH Riordan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riordan NH, Morales I, Fern\u00e1ndez G, Allen N et al (2018) Clinical feasibility of umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Translational Med 16(1):57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-018-1433-7","journal-title":"J Translational Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9328_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.11.001","volume":"30","author":"MA Leone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leone MA, Gelati M, Profico DC, Gobbi C et al (2023) Phase I clinical trial of intracerebroventricular transplantation of allogeneic neural stem cells in people with progressive multiple sclerosis. Cell Stem Cell 30(12):1597\u20131609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2023.11.001","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"9328_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00301-X","volume":"20","author":"A Uccelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uccelli A, Laroni A, Ali R, Battaglia MA et al (2021) Safety, tolerability, and activity of mesenchymal stem cells versus placebo in multiple sclerosis (MESEMS): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind crossover trial. Lancet Neurol 20(11):917\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00301-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"9328_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa333","volume":"143","author":"P Petrou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrou P, Kassis I, Levin N, Paul F et al (2020) Beneficial effects of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in active progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 143(12):3574\u20133588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa333","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"9328_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2021.0513","volume":"12","author":"MS Manu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manu MS, Hohjoh H, Yamamura T (2021) Extracellular vesicles as pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis. Aging Dis 12(6):1451\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/ad.2021.0513","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"9328_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agliardi C, Guerini FR, Zanzottera M, Bolognesi E et al (2023) Myelin basic protein in oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Int J Mol Sci 24(1):894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010894","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010894"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09328-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09328-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09328-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:02:13Z","timestamp":1791842533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09328-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09328-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"714"}}