{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:52:28Z","timestamp":1791827548365,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09342-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T01:22:14Z","timestamp":1787275334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics, management and outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced central nervous system demyelinating disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Zhong-Mian","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-bin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Lei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8159-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"9342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042020-042741","volume":"16","author":"S Bagchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance. Annu Rev Pathol 16:223\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042020-042741","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.04.002","volume":"9","author":"SJ Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang SJ, Dougan SK, Dougan M (2023) Immune mechanisms of toxicity from checkpoint inhibitors. Trends Cancer 9(7):543\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.04.002","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"9342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.001","volume":"73","author":"S Cuzzubbo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cuzzubbo S, Javeri F, Tissier M, Roumi A, Barlog C, Doridam J et al (2017) Neurological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: review of the literature. Eur J Cancer 73:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00369-1","volume":"23","author":"A Farina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farina A, Villagr\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda M, Vogrig A, Zekeridou A, Mu\u00f1iz-Castrillo S, Velasco R et al (2024) Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the development of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Lancet Neurol 23(1):81\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00369-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002890","volume":"9","author":"AC Guidon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guidon AC, Burton LB, Chwalisz BK, Hillis J, Schaller TH, Amato AA et al (2021) Consensus disease definitions for neurologic immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer 9(7):e002890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-002890","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"9342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000967","volume":"8","author":"A Picca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Picca A, Berzero G, Bihan K, Jachiet V, Januel E, Coustans M et al (2021) Longitudinally extensive myelitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8(3):e967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000967","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"7","key":"9342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.01.031","volume":"126","author":"JM Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JM, Materin MA, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Weiss S, Chow J et al (2019) Ophthalmic immune-related adverse events of immunotherapy: a single-site case series. Ophthalmology 126(7):1058\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.01.031","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.05.003","volume":"127","author":"JH Francis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Francis JH, Jaben K, Santomasso BD, Canestraro J, Abramson DH, Chapman PB et al (2020) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated optic neuritis. Ophthalmology 127(11):1585\u20131589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.05.003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15835","volume":"30","author":"C Valencia-Sanchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valencia-Sanchez C, Sechi E, Dubey D, Flanagan EP, McKeon A, Pittock SJ et al (2023) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated central nervous system autoimmunity. Eur J Neurol 30(8):2418\u20132429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15835","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"9342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1130313","volume":"14","author":"S Chatterton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatterton S, Xi S, Jia JX, Krause M, Long GV, Atkinson V et al (2023) Case series: immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced transverse myelitis. Front Neurol 14:1130313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1130313","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"9342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1159\/000368316","volume":"37","author":"GM O\u2019Kane","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Kane GM, Lyons TG, Colleran GC, Ahmad MW, Alken S, Kavanagh EC et al (2014) Late-onset paraplegia after complete response to two cycles of ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma. Oncol Res Treat 37(12):757\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000368316","journal-title":"Oncol Res Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"9342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou001","volume":"16","author":"B Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao B, Shroff S, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Tummala S (2014) Atypical neurological complications of ipilimumab therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Neuro Oncol 16(4):589\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nou001","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/wno.0000000000000217","volume":"35","author":"OL Yeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yeh OL, Francis CE (2015) Ipilimumab-associated bilateral optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 35(2):144\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wno.0000000000000217","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24715","volume":"80","author":"LA Gerdes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerdes LA, Held K, Beltr\u00e1n E, Berking C, Prinz JC, Junker A et al (2016) CTLA4 as immunological checkpoint in the development of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 80(2):294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24715","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"9342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002594","volume":"86","author":"Y Cao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cao Y, Nylander A, Ramanan S, Goods BA, Ponath G, Zabad R et al (2016) CNS demyelination and enhanced myelin-reactive responses after ipilimumab treatment. Neurology 86(16):1553\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002594","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9342_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0170-9","volume":"4","author":"MA Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson MA, Guld K, Galetta S, Walsh RD, Kharlip J, Tamhankar M et al (2016) Acute visual loss after ipilimumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 4:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-016-0170-9","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-3997-2","volume":"18","author":"Y Narumi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narumi Y, Yoshida R, Minami Y, Yamamoto Y, Takeguchi S, Kano K et al (2018) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder secondary to treatment with anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab: the first report. BMC Cancer 18(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-018-3997-2","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"9342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1159\/000491075","volume":"9","author":"S Mori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mori S, Kurimoto T, Ueda K, Enomoto H, Sakamoto M, Keshi Y et al (2018) Optic neuritis possibly induced by anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment in a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Case Rep Ophthalmol 9(2):348\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000491075","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0393-z","volume":"6","author":"CA Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia CA, El-Ali A, Rath TJ, Contis LC, Gorantla V, Drappatz J et al (2018) Neurologic immune-related adverse events associated with adjuvant ipilimumab: report of two cases. J Immunother Cancer 6(1):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-018-0393-z","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"9342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.547","volume":"5","author":"R Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson R, Menassa DA, Davies AJ, Michael S, Hester J, Kuker W et al (2018) Seronegative antibody-mediated neurology after immune checkpoint inhibitors. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 5(5):640\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.547","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54050082","volume":"54","author":"\u00d6 Kartal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kartal \u00d6, Ata\u015f E (2018) Bilateral optic neuritis secondary to nivolumab therapy: a case report. Medicina (Kaunas) 54(5):82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina54050082","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"7","key":"9342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518803724","volume":"25","author":"J Dur\u00e3es","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dur\u00e3es J, Coutinho I, Mariano A, Geraldo A, Mac\u00e1rio MC (2019) Demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with Pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. Mult Scler 25(7):1005\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458518803724","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"12","key":"9342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09562-z","volume":"266","author":"MAL Romeo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romeo MAL, Garassino MC, Moiola L, Galli G, Comi G, Martinelli V et al (2019) Multiple sclerosis associated with pembrolizumab in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. J Neurol 266(12):3163\u20133166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09562-z","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4379","volume":"77","author":"A Kunchok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kunchok A, Zekeridou A, Pittock S (2020) CRMP5-IgG-associated paraneoplastic myelopathy with PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. JAMA Neurol 77(2):255\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4379","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"9342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101447","volume":"37","author":"T Shimada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shimada T, Hoshino Y, Tsunemi T, Hattori A, Nakagawa E, Yokoyama K et al (2020) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after treatment with pembrolizumab. Mult Scler Relat Disord 37:101447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101447","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"9342_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02959-0","volume":"76","author":"F Caputo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caputo F, Manni A, Iaffaldano P, Trojano M, Paolicelli D (2020) Durvalumab and multiple sclerosis: a causal link or simple unmasking? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 76(12):1773\u20131774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-020-02959-0","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"9342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102451","volume":"46","author":"S Nasralla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nasralla S, Abboud H (2020) Is neuromyelitis optica without AQP4-IgG a T-cell mediated disease? insights from checkpoint inhibitor immune-related adverse events. Mult Scler Relat Disord 46:102451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102451","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"9342_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577259","volume":"344","author":"RK Kapadia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapadia RK, Ney DE, Hannan M, Farley M, Pastula DM, Piquet AL (2020) Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) associated autoimmune meningoencephalitis in a patient receiving nivolumab. J Neuroimmunol 344:577259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577259","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10913-y","volume":"269","author":"D Weiss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weiss D, Cantr\u00e9 D, Zettl UK, Storch A, Prudlo J (2022) Lethal form of a late-onset aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD related to the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. J Neurol 269(5):2778\u20132780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10913-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"9342_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.12.014","volume":"145","author":"S Basin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basin S, Perrin J, Michot JM, Lambotte O, Cauquil C (2021) Severe anti-PD1-related meningoencephalomyelitis successfully treated with anti-integrin alpha4 therapy. Eur J Cancer 145:230\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.12.014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"9342_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.655283","volume":"12","author":"S Charabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charabi S, Engell-Noerregaard L, Nilsson AC, Sten\u00f6r C (2021) Case report: longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis with novel autoantibodies following two rounds of pembrolizumab. Front Neurol 12:655283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.655283","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9342_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01434-y","volume":"121","author":"E Januel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Januel E, Perol L, Arriv\u00e9 L, Alamowitch S, Fain O, Mekinian A (2021) Anti-PD1-R checkpoint inhibitor related severe relapsing myelitis. Acta Neurol Belg 121(6):1855\u20131857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01434-y","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"9342_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.806501","volume":"12","author":"K Khimani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khimani K, Patel SP, Whyte A, Al-Zubidi N (2022) Case report: neuromyelitis optica after treatment of uveal melanoma with nivolumab and ipilimumab. Front Oncol 12:806501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.806501","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02987-6","volume":"22","author":"S Hirano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirano S, Kojima A, Nakayama Y, Takeda T, Kishimoto T, Takahashi T et al (2022) A case report of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder induced by pembrolizumab treatment for lung adenocarcinoma: a clinical and immunohistochemical study. BMC Neurol 22(1):483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-022-02987-6","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-021-01154-x","volume":"40","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Lou H, Li B, Li J, Yang YM (2022) Paraneoplastic myelitis associated with durvalumab treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 40(1):151\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10637-021-01154-x","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"9342_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000200055","volume":"98","author":"Q Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Q, Wang B, Zhao W (2022) MOG-IgG-associated demyelination induced by pembrolizumab treatment in a patient with malignant melanoma. Neurology 98(12):501\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000200055","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02576-7","volume":"22","author":"T Moodie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moodie T, Alshaqi O, Alchaki A (2022) Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis after chemoradiation therapy with durvalumab, a rare complication: case report. BMC Neurol 22(1):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-022-02576-7","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9342_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2022.08.012","volume":"23","author":"T Owen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owen T, Fung AS (2022) Combination Intravenous Immune Globulin (IVIG) and high dose steroids for treatment of immune-related myelitis in a non-small cell lung cancer patient treated with Pembrolizumab and palliative radiation treatment: a case report. Clin Lung Cancer 23(8):e563\u2013e567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cllc.2022.08.012","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"9342_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2022.2050907","volume":"133","author":"A Esechie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esechie A, Fang X, Banerjee P, Rai P, Thottempudi N (2023) A case report of longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis: immunotherapy related adverse effect vs. COVID-19 related immunization complications. Int J Neurosci 133(10):1120\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2022.2050907","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2023.054","volume":"82","author":"KH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim KH, Baek YH, Kang YW, Yoon BA, Moon SY (2023) A case of transverse myelitis following treatment with Atezolizumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Gastroenterol 82(1):35\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4166\/kjg.2023.054","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9342_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1097\/wno.0000000000001427","volume":"43","author":"NA Lambert-Cheatham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lambert-Cheatham NA, Sakuru RC, Merati M, Tessema ST, Salbert LR, Ward JH et al (2023) A case of Pembrolizumab-induced papillitis with transverse myelitis. J Neuroophthalmol 43(4):e131\u2013e133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wno.0000000000001427","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9342_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07252-3","volume":"45","author":"M Pedrero Prieto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pedrero Prieto M, Gorriz Romero D, G\u00f3mez Roch E, P\u00e9rez Miralles FC, Casanova Estruch B (2024) Neuromyelitis optica associated with the use of Atezolizumab in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Neurol Sci 45(5):2199\u20132202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07252-3","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"9342_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000200382","volume":"12","author":"KA DiMauro","year":"2025","unstructured":"DiMauro KA, Heber ME, Lee J, Cohen JA, Flanagan EP, Riley C et al (2025) Progressive myelitis in a 63-year-old woman: a case report from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society case conference proceedings. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 12(2):e200382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/nxi.0000000000200382","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08710-w","volume":"47","author":"YX Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li YX, Wang RY, Hao YL (2025) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) following atezolizumab and bevacizumab treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Neurol Sci 47(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08710-w","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9342_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1738382","volume":"19","author":"AM Haugh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haugh AM, Probasco JC, Johnson DB (2020) Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Saf 19(4):479\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14740338.2020.1738382","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"9342_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0359","volume":"24","author":"KL Reynolds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reynolds KL, Guidon AC (2019) Diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated neurologic toxicity: illustrative case and review of the literature. Oncologist 24(4):435\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0359","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"16","key":"9342_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000011795","volume":"96","author":"A Marini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marini A, Bernardini A, Gigli GL, Valente M, Mu\u00f1iz-Castrillo S, Honnorat J et al (2021) Neurologic adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Neurology 96(16):754\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000011795","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03687-2","volume":"152","author":"T Mikami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mikami T, Liaw B, Asada M, Niimura T, Zamami Y, Green-LaRoche D et al (2021) Neuroimmunological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor: a retrospective, pharmacovigilance study using FAERS database. J Neurooncol 152(1):135\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-020-03687-2","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11969-8","volume":"271","author":"K Selmaj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Selmaj K, Cree BAC, Barnett M, Thompson A, Hartung HP (2024) Multiple sclerosis: time for early treatment with high-efficacy drugs. J Neurol 271(1):105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11969-8","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9342_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-019-02060-8","volume":"21","author":"CR Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia CR, Jayswal R, Adams V, Anthony LB, Villano JL (2019) Multiple sclerosis outcomes after cancer immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 21(10):1336\u20131342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12094-019-02060-8","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9342_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16547","volume":"32","author":"S Gelibter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gelibter S, Saraceno L, Susani E, Pirro F, Sessa M, Protti A (2025) Do immune checkpoint inhibitors affect the course of multiple sclerosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 32(1):e16547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16547","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"9342_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.538695","volume":"11","author":"MCB Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira MCB, de Brito MH, Simabukuro MM (2020) Central nervous system demyelination associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: review of the literature. Front Neurol 11:538695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.538695","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9342_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15624","volume":"30","author":"A Dinoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dinoto A, Mantovani E, Ferrari S, Mariotto S, Tamburin S (2023) Cerebellar involvement associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 30(3):774\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15624","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9342_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0249","volume":"78","author":"R Velasco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velasco R, Villagr\u00e1n M, Jov\u00e9 M, Sim\u00f3 M, Vilari\u00f1o N, Alemany M et al (2021) Encephalitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. JAMA Neurol 78(7):864\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0249","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"36","key":"9342_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.21.01440","volume":"39","author":"BJ Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD, Lacchetti C, Adkins S, Anadkat M et al (2021) Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol 39(36):4073\u20134126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.21.01440","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9342_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/cji.0000000000000364","volume":"44","author":"JBE Janssen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janssen JBE, Leow TYS, Herbschleb KH, Gijtenbeek JMM, Boers-Sonderen MJ, Gerritsen WR et al (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a case series and review of the literature. J Immunother 44(7):276\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cji.0000000000000364","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"issue":"6","key":"9342_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2026-015176","volume":"14","author":"A Farina","year":"2026","unstructured":"Farina A, Villagr\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda M, Abichou-Klich A, Alberto T, Aupy J, Benaiteau M et al (2026) Immune checkpoint inhibitor neurotoxicity: long-term outcomes with focus on 1-year neurological sequelae. J Immunother Cancer 14(6):e015176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2026-015176","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"9342_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002435","volume":"9","author":"JR Brahmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brahmer JR, Abu-Sbeih H, Ascierto PA, Brufsky J, Cappelli LC, Cortazar FB et al (2021) Society for immunotherapy of cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events. J Immunother Cancer 9(6):e002435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-002435","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09342-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09342-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09342-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:34:17Z","timestamp":1791826457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09342-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09342-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ningbo Taikang Hospital.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical standard statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work is a review based on published literature. No original human-participant research was conducted by the authors, so informed consent is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"724"}}