{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:47:34Z","timestamp":1791989254812,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09446-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:10:56Z","timestamp":1791987056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive assessment of patients with post-COVID olfactory dysfunction and impaired domains"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Dylan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mel\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Maroto Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Piernagorda Copado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Mart\u00edn \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Del R\u00edo Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3001-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Morales-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"9446_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. Published 6 October 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_ definition-2021.1"},{"key":"9446_CR2","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation COVID-19. Published online 24 March, 2020. Accessed 05 Feb 2025. https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/covid"},{"issue":"23","key":"9446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2269","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012930","volume":"97","author":"S Misra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Misra S, Kolappa K, Prasad M et al (2021) Frequency of Neurologic Manifestations in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurology 97(23):e2269\u2013e2281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012930","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13209","volume":"290","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Beckers E et al (2021) Prevalence and 6-month recovery of olfactory dysfunction: a multicentre study of 1363 COVID-19 patients. J Intern Med 290(2):451\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13209","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2022.11.018","volume":"160","author":"DD Garc\u00eda-Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mel\u00e9ndez DD, Morales-Casado MI, Quintana Castro P, Marsal Alonso C (2023) Persistent olfactory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients: A descriptive study of the characteristics and association with other symptoms. Med Clin (Barc) 160(8):347\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2022.11.018","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"6","key":"9446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.04.021","volume":"163","author":"DD Garc\u00eda-Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mel\u00e9ndez DD, Presa RM, Castro PQ, Calleja BS, Calvo SR, Morales-Casado MI (2024) Comparative imaging study of patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction due to mild COVID-19 using structural and functional MRI. Med Clin (Barc) 163(6):286\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.04.021","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"9446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103410","volume":"38","author":"L Muccioli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muccioli L, Sighinolfi G, Mitolo M, Ferri L, Jane Rochat M, Pensato U et al (2023) Cognitive and functional connectivity impairment in post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Neuroimage Clin 38:103410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103410","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"7907","key":"9446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","volume":"604","author":"G Douaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature 604(7907):697\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"9446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac384","volume":"146","author":"M D\u00edez-Cirarda","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edez-Cirarda M, Yus M, G\u00f3mez-Ruiz N et al (2023) Multimodal neuroimaging in post-COVID syndrome and correlation with cognition. Brain 146(5):2142\u20132152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac384","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162","volume":"434","author":"L Premraj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J et al (2022) Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 434:120162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2508","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2508","volume":"12","author":"C Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez C, Calabria M, Grunden N et al (2022) Neuropsychological deficits in patients with cognitive complaints after COVID-19. Brain Behav 12:e2508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2508","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"9446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae101","volume":"147","author":"VM Del Serrano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Del Serrano VM, Serrano-Heras G, Romero S\u00e1nchez CM, Landete PP, Rojas-Bartolome L, Feria I et al (2024) Brain and cognitive changes in patients with long COVID compared with infection-recovered control subjects. Brain 147(10):3611\u20133623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awae101","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"9446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I et al (2005) The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(4):695\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"9446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp027","volume":"24","author":"J Pe\u00f1a-Casanova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova J, Blesa R, Aguilar M et al (2009) Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA project): Methods and sample characteristics. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 24:307\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acp027","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"9446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2011.12.019","volume":"27","author":"J Pe\u00f1a-Casanova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova J, Casals-Coll M, Quintana M et al (2012) Estudios normativos espa\u00f1oles en poblaci\u00f3n adulta joven (proyecto NEURONORMA j\u00f3venes): m\u00e9todos y caracter\u00edsticas de la muestra. Neurolog\u00eda 27:253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrl.2011.12.019","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"3","key":"9446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1722244","volume":"34","author":"TJ Guilmette","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guilmette TJ, Sweet JJ, Hebben N, Koltai D, Mahone EM, Spiegler BJ et al (2020) American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on uniform labeling of performance test scores. Clin Neuropsychol 34(3):437\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1722244","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"9446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.115006","volume":"319","author":"JA Matias-Guiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matias-Guiu JA, Herrera E, Gonz\u00e1lez-Nosti M, Krishnan K, Delgado-Alonso C, D\u00edez-Cirarda M, Yus M et al (2023) Development of criteria for cognitive dysfunction in post-COVID syndrome: the IC-CoDi-COVID approach. Psychiatry Res 319:115006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.115006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"9446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Instituto de Estad\u00edstica de la UNESCO, OCDE & Eurostat (2015) Manual operativo CINE 2011: Directrices para clasificar programas nacionales de educaci\u00f3n y certificaciones relacionadas. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15220\/978-92-9189-181-8-spa","DOI":"10.15220\/978-92-9189-181-8-spa"},{"key":"9446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","volume":"101","author":"F Ceban","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Gill H, Teopiz KM et al (2022) Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain BehavImmun 101:93\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","journal-title":"Brain BehavImmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"9446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab295","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab295","volume":"4","author":"S Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao S, Shibata K, Hellyer PJ, Trender W, Manohar S, Hampshire A et al (2022) Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors. Brain Commun 4(1):fcab295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab295","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaa205","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa205","volume":"2","author":"MS Woo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woo MS, Malsy J, P\u00f6ttgen J, Seddiq Zai S, Ufer F, Hadjilaou A et al (2020) Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19. Brain Commun 2(2):fcaa205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa205","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"9446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.008","volume":"27","author":"S Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao S, Toniolo S, Hampshire A, Husain M (2023) Effects of COVID-19 on cognition and brain health. Trends Cogn Sci 27(11):1053\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"9446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0269353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269353","volume":"17","author":"HA Baseler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baseler HA, Aksoy M, Salawu A, Green A, Asghar AUR (2022) The negative impact of COVID-19 on working memory revealed using a rapid online quiz. PLoS ONE 17(11):e0269353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269353","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"21","key":"9446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.006","volume":"110","author":"M Monje","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monje M, Iwasaki A (2022) The neurobiology of long COVID. Neuron 110(21):3484\u20133496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104711","volume":"94","author":"M D\u00edez-Cirarda","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edez-Cirarda M, Yus-Fuertes M, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Gonzalez-Rosa JJ, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Gil-Mart\u00ednez L et al (2023) Hippocampal subfield abnormalities and biomarkers of pathologic brain changes: from SARS-CoV-2 acute infection to post-COVID syndrome. EBioMedicine 94:104711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104711","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"9446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15045","volume":"28","author":"G Cosentino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cosentino G, Todisco M, Hota N, Della Porta G, Morbini P, Tassorelli C et al (2021) Neuropathological findings from COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms argue against a direct brain invasion of SARS-CoV-2: A critical systematic review. Eur J Neurol 28(11):3856\u20133865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15045","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin21.249","volume":"59","author":"P Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hummel T, Hopkins C, Dibattista M, Menini A, Spinato G et al (2021) High prevalence of long-term olfactory, gustatory, and chemesthesis dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients: a matched case-control study with one-year follow-up using a comprehensive psychophysical evaluation. Rhinology 59(6):517\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4193\/Rhin21.249","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00182-4","volume":"20","author":"MS Xydakis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xydakis MS, Albers MW, Holbrook EH, Lyon DM, Shih RY, Frasnelli JA, Pagenstecher A et al (2021) Post-viral effects of COVID-19 in the olfactory system and their implications. Lancet Neurol 20(9):753\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00182-4","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9446_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221120117","volume":"37","author":"JB Gary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gary JB, Gallagher L, Joseph PV, Reed D, Gudis DA, Overdevest JB (2023) Qualitative Olfactory Dysfunction and COVID-19: An Evidence-Based Review with Recommendations for the Clinician. Am J Rhinol Allergy 37(1):95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19458924221120117","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","volume":"11","author":"K Friston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Friston K (2010) The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat Rev Neurosci 11(2):127\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2787","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09446-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09446-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09446-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:11:00Z","timestamp":1791987060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09446-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["9446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09446-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Our study was conducted following the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Toledo and La Mancha University Hospital Centre. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical considerations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared no potential conflicts of interests and no financial support with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"855"}}