{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:24:48Z","timestamp":1761128688970},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]],"date-time":"2008-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0576-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T06:20:47Z","timestamp":1216102847000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Endocrine dysfunction in leprosy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"\u00c2. M. O.","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. T.","family":"Foss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci079","volume":"98","author":"AL Gill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gill AL, Bell DR, Gill GV, Wyatt GB, Beeching NJ (2005) Leprosy in Britain: 50\u00a0years experience in Liverpool. Q J Med 98:505\u2013511","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"576_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1086\/319357","volume":"32","author":"WW Ooi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ooi WW, Moschella SL (2001) Update on leprosy in immigrants in the United States: status in the year 2000. Clin Infect Dis 32:930\u2013937. doi: 10.1086\/319357","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"576_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldl010","volume":"77\u201378","author":"SL Walker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walker SL, Lockwood DNJ (2006) The clinical and immunological features of leprosy. Br Med Bull 77\u201378:103\u2013121. doi: 10.1093\/bmb\/ldl010","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"576_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","volume":"363","author":"WJ Britton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Britton WJ, Lockwood DNJ (2004) Leprosy. Lancet 363:1209\u20131219. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"576_CR5","first-page":"255","volume":"34","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ridley DS, Jopling WH (1966) Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34:255\u2013273","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR6","first-page":"1131","volume":"31","author":"CS Powell","year":"1955","unstructured":"Powell CS, Swan LL (1955) Leprosy: pathologic changes observed in fifty consecutive necropsies. Am J Pathol 31:1131\u20131147","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"576_CR7","first-page":"32","volume":"36","author":"KV Desikan","year":"1968","unstructured":"Desikan KV, Job CK (1968) A review of postmortem findings in 37 cases of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 36:32\u201344","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR8","first-page":"94","volume":"41","author":"JC Bernard","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bernard JC, Vazquez CAJ (1973) Visceral lesions in lepromatous leprosy. Study of sixty necropsies. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 41:94\u2013101","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR9","first-page":"18","volume":"51","author":"ES Balybin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Balybin ES, Nazarov KI (1983) Hydrocortisone production in lepromatous patients with insulin load. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 51:18\u201321","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR10","first-page":"828","volume":"56","author":"V Durairaj","year":"1984","unstructured":"Durairaj V, Radhabai K, Alagappan R, Koteeswaran A, Venkataraman V, Kannan K (1984) Adrenal cortical function and reserve in lepromatous leprosy. Indian J Lepr 56:828\u2013834","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR11","first-page":"117","volume":"56","author":"K Saha","year":"1985","unstructured":"Saha K, Rao KN, Sehgal VN, Gadi S, Jain VK, Chakrabarty AK (1985) Radioimmunoassay of serum cortisol levels in leprosy patients with special reference to type I and type II reaction. Lepr Rev 56:117\u2013125","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800500449478","volume":"31","author":"R Colak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Colak R, Ozkan Y, Onen SE, Saral Y, Halifeoglu I (2005) A comparison between the effects of low (1\u00a0\u03bcg) and standard dose (250\u00a0\u03bcg) ACTH stimulation tests on adrenal cortex functions with leprosy patients. Endocr Res 31:325\u2013333. doi: 10.1080\/07435800500449478","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"576_CR13","first-page":"609","volume":"60","author":"R Garg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Garg R, Agrawal JK, Bajpai HS, Singh G, Srivastava PK (1988) Adreno-cortical function in leprosy. Indian J Lepr 60:609\u2013615","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR14","first-page":"351","volume":"37","author":"MB Goldgraber","year":"1969","unstructured":"Goldgraber MB, Sulman FG (1969) Adrenal cortical dysfunction in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 37:351\u2013358","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2003.00654.x","volume":"25","author":"AMO Leal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leal AMO, Magalh\u00e3es PKR, Souza CS, Foss NT (2003) Adrenocortical hormones and interleukin patterns in leprosy. Parasite Immunol 25:457\u2013461. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2003.00654.x WH","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"576_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1086\/345872","volume":"187","author":"AMO Leal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leal AMO, Magalh\u00e3es PKR, Martinez R, Moreira AC (2003) Adrenocortical hormones and interleukin patterns in paracoccidioidomycosis. J Infect Dis 187:124\u2013127. doi: 10.1086\/345872","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"576_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.5.5631","volume":"84","author":"SR Bornstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bornstein SR, Chrousos GP (1999) Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: neural and immune inputs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1729\u20131736. doi: 10.1210\/jc.84.5.1729","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"576_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.0300s3091.x","volume":"30","author":"G P\u00e4th","year":"2000","unstructured":"P\u00e4th G, Scherbaum WA, Bornstein SR (2000) The role of interleukin-6 in the human adrenal gland. Eur J Clin Invest 30:91\u201395. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.0300s3091.x","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"576_CR19","first-page":"2343","volume":"82","author":"G P\u00e4th","year":"1997","unstructured":"P\u00e4th G, Bornstein SR, Ehrhardt-Bornstein M, Scherbaum WA (1997) Interleukin-6 and the interleukin-6 receptor in the human adrenal gland: expression and effects on steroidogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2343\u20132349. doi: 10.1210\/jc.82.7.2343","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"576_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-5-947","volume":"60","author":"LN Parker","year":"1985","unstructured":"Parker LN, Levin ER, Lifrak ET (1985) Evidence for adrenocortical adaptation to severe illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:947\u2013952","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"576_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830200413","volume":"20","author":"RA Daynes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Daynes RA, Dudley DJ, Araneo BA (1990) Regulation of murine lymphokine production in vivo. II. Dehydroepiandrosterone is a natural enhancer of interleukin 2 synthesis by helper T cells. Eur J Immunol 20:793\u2013802. doi: 10.1002\/eji.1830200413","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"576_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-1229(05)80024-8","volume":"61","author":"T Suzuki","year":"1991","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Suzuki N, Daynes RA, Engleman EG (1991) Dehydroepiandrosterone enhances IL2 production and cytotoxic effector function of human T cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 61:202\u2013211. doi: 10.1016\/S0090-1229(05)80024-8","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"576_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.4.1544","volume":"153","author":"DA Padgett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Padgett DA, Loria RM (1994) In vitro potentiation of lymphocyte activation by dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenediol, and androstenetriol. J Immunol 153:1544\u20131552","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"576_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00432.x","volume":"4","author":"GAW Rook","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rook GAW, Baker R (1999) Cortisol metabolism, cortisol sensitivity and the pathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Trop Med Int Health 4:493\u2013498. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00432.x","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"576_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.01.004","volume":"109","author":"AK Andersson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andersson AK, Atkinson SE, Khanolkar-Young S, Chaduvula M, Jain S, Suneetha L, Suneetha S, Lockwood DN (2007) Alteration of the cortisol\u2013cortisone shuttle in leprosy type 1 reactions in leprosy patients in Hyderabad, India. Immunol Lett 109:72\u201375. doi: 10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.01.004","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"576_CR26","first-page":"53","volume":"5","author":"L Baptista","year":"1937","unstructured":"Baptista L (1937) A gynecomastia na lepra. Rev Brasil Leprol 5:53\u201366","journal-title":"Rev Brasil Leprol"},{"key":"576_CR27","first-page":"121","volume":"52","author":"GH R\u00e9e","year":"1981","unstructured":"R\u00e9e GH, Martin F, Myles K, Peluso I (1981) Hormonal changes in human leprosy. Lepr Rev 52:121\u2013126","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR28","first-page":"94","volume":"60","author":"WR Levis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Levis WR, Lanza AP, Swersie S, Meeker HC, Schuller-Levis GB, Bardin CW (1989) Testicular dysfunction in leprosy: relationships of FSH, LH and testosterone to disease classification, activity and duration. Lepr Rev 60:94\u2013101","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.02930310023005","volume":"119","author":"H Grabstald","year":"1952","unstructured":"Grabstald H, Swan LL (1952) Genitourinary lesions in leprosy, with special reference to the problem of atrophy of the testes. JAMA 119:1287\u20131291","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"576_CR30","first-page":"423","volume":"29","author":"CK Job","year":"1961","unstructured":"Job CK (1961) Gynecomastia and leprous orchitis. A preliminary study. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 29:423\u2013441","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR31","first-page":"44","volume":"47","author":"AA Ibrahiem","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ibrahiem AA, Awad HA, Metawi BA, Hamada TAY (1979) Pathologic changes in testis and epididymis of infertile leprotic males. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 47:44\u201349","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb16590.x","volume":"74","author":"L Saporta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Saporta L, Yuksel A (1994) Androgenic status in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Br J Urol 74:221\u2013224","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"576_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014723","volume":"16","author":"V Kannan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kannan V, Vijaya G (1984) Endocrine testicular functions in leprosy. Horm Metab Res 16:146\u2013150","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"576_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/73.5.712","volume":"73","author":"M Akhtar","year":"1980","unstructured":"Akhtar M, Ali MA, Mackey DM (1980) Lepromatous leprosy presenting as orchitis. Am J Clin Pathol 73:712\u2013715","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"576_CR35","first-page":"273","volume":"31","author":"CK Job","year":"1963","unstructured":"Job CK, Macaden VP (1963) Leprous orchitis in reactional borderline cases. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 31:273\u2013279","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1159\/000326971","volume":"46","author":"N Singh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Singh N, Arora VK, Jain A, Bhattacharya SN, Bhatia A (2002) Cytology of testicular changes in leprosy. Acta Cytol 46:659\u2013663","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"576_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1489\/1544-581X(2003)071<0101:OFIFPW>2.0.CO;2","volume":"71","author":"K Neena","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neena K, Ammini AC, Singh M, Pandhi RK (2003) Ovarian function in female patients with multibacillary leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 71:101\u2013105. doi: 10.1489\/1544-581X(2003)071<0101:OFIFPW>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR38","first-page":"383","volume":"56","author":"TH Rea","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rea TH (1988) A comparative study of testicular involvement in lepromatous and borderline lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 56:383\u2013388","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1095786","volume":"11","author":"RJ Dash","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dash RJ, Kumar B, Sialy R, Rastogi GK (1979) LH, FSH responses to GnRH in lepromatous leprosy. Horm Metab Res 11:413\u2013414","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"576_CR40","first-page":"127","volume":"52","author":"S Shilo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Shilo S, Livshin Y, Sheskin J, Spitz IM (1981) Gonadal function in lepromatous leprosy. Lepr Rev 52:127\u2013134","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb02015.x","volume":"6","author":"JE Morley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Morley JE, Distiller LA, Sagel J, Kok SH, Kay G, Carr P, Katz M (1977) Hormonal changes associated with testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia in patients with leprosy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 6:299\u2013303. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb02015.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"576_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90103-2","volume":"78","author":"D Sultan Sheriff","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sultan Sheriff D (1984) Endocrine profile and seminal plasma composition in Hansen\u2019s disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78:311\u2013313. doi: 10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90103-2","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"576_CR43","first-page":"31","volume":"49","author":"R Rolston","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rolston R, Mathews M, Taylor PM, Koshy TS (1981) Hormone profile in lepromatous leprosy. A preliminary study. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 49:31\u201336","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01692.x","volume":"11","author":"AMO Leal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leal AMO, Magalh\u00e3es PKR, Souza CS, Foss NT (2006) Pituitary-gonadal hormones and interleukin patterns in leprosy. Trop Med Int Health 11:1416\u20131421. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01692.x","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"576_CR45","first-page":"428","volume":"61","author":"R Garg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Garg R, Agarwal JK, Singh G, Bajpai HS (1989) Hormone profile in leprosy. Indian J Lepr 61:428\u2013431","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR46","first-page":"469","volume":"44","author":"J Dass","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dass J, Murugesan K, Laumas KR, Deo MG, Kandhari KC, Bhutani LK (1976) Androgenic status of lepromatous leprosy patients with gynecomastia. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 44:469\u2013474","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR47","first-page":"110","volume":"25","author":"AA Kinnear","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kinnear AA, Davison AR (1957) Hormone excretion and liver function in the gynecomastia of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 25:110\u2013118","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR48","first-page":"310","volume":"62","author":"A Abraham","year":"1990","unstructured":"Abraham A, Sharma VK, Kaur S (1990) Assessment of testicular volume in bacilliferous leprosy: correlation with clinical parameters. Indian J Lepr 62:310\u2013315","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)39620-0","volume":"24","author":"A Kumar","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kumar A, Bagghi CS, Indrayan A (1973) Impact of lepromatous leprosy on fecundity. Fertil Steril 24:324\u2013325","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"576_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1985.60.1.115","volume":"60","author":"ME Faulstich","year":"1985","unstructured":"Faulstich ME (1985) Behavioral analysis of sexual dysfunction in Hansen\u2019s disease. Percept Mot Skills 60:115\u2013118","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"576_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1976.tb05097.x","volume":"15","author":"S El-Shiemy","year":"1976","unstructured":"El-Shiemy S, El-Hefnawi H, Abdel-Fattah A, El-Okbi M, Farid A (1976) Testicular and epididymal involvement in leprosy patients, with special reference to gynecomastia. Int J Dermatol 15:52\u201358. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1976.tb05097.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"576_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)91817-5","volume":"2","author":"FIR Martin","year":"1968","unstructured":"Martin FIR, Maddocks I, Brown JB, Hudson B (1968) Leprous endocrinopathy. Lancet 2:1320\u20131321. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)91817-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"576_CR53","first-page":"719","volume":"45","author":"C Iyer","year":"1971","unstructured":"Iyer C, Languillon J, Ramanujam G, Tarabini-Castellani G, De las Aguas JT, Bechelli LM, Uemura K, Martinez Dominguez V, Sundaresan T (1971) WHO co-ordinated short-term double-blind trial with thalidomide in the treatment of acute lepra reactions in male lepromatous patients. Bull World Health Organ 45:719\u2013732","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"576_CR54","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"PW Brand","year":"1959","unstructured":"Brand PW (1959) Temperature variation and leprosy deformity. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 27:1\u20137","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR55","first-page":"51","volume":"17","author":"JR Wall","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wall JR, Wright DJM (1974) Antibodies against testicular germinal cells in lepromatous leprosy. Clin Exp Immunol 17:51\u201359","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"576_CR56","first-page":"28","volume":"45","author":"K Saha","year":"1977","unstructured":"Saha K, Gupta I (1977) Immunologic aspects of leprosy with special reference to the circulating antispermatozoal antibodies. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 45:28\u201337","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1981.tb03515.x","volume":"11","author":"JR Wall","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wall JR, Walters BAJ (1981) Immunoreactivity in vitro to human testis in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Aust N Z J Med 11:375\u2013379","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"576_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199004000-00014","volume":"211","author":"K Mealy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mealy K, Robinson B, Millette CF, Majzoub J, Wilmore DW (1990) The testicular effects of tumor necrosis factor. Ann Surg 211:470\u2013475. doi: 10.1097\/00000658-199004000-00014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"576_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-3-1305","volume":"129","author":"T Lin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lin T, Wang TL, Nagpal ML, Calkins JH, Chang WW, Chi R (1991) Interleukin-1 inhibits cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 expression in primary cultures of Leydig cells. Endocrinology 129:1305\u20131311","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"576_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-6-2933","volume":"129","author":"C Mauduit","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mauduit C, Hartmann DJ, Chauvin MA, Revol A, Morera AM, Benahmed M (1991) Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits gonadotropin action in cultured porcine Leydig cells: site(s) of action. Endocrinology 129:2933\u20132940","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"576_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(92)90318-D","volume":"43","author":"DB Hales","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hales DB, Xiong Y, Tur-Kaspa I (1992) The role of cytokines in the regulation of Leydig cell P450c17 gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:907\u2013914. doi: 10.1016\/0960-0760(92)90318-D","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"576_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00020-7","volume":"57","author":"DB Hales","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hales DB (2002) Testicular macrophage modulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Reprod Immunol 57:3\u201318. doi: 10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00020-7","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"576_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00060-8","volume":"58","author":"MP Hedger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hedger MP, Meinhardt A (2003) Cytokines and the immune-testicular axis. J Reprod Immunol 58:1\u201326. doi: 10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00060-8","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"576_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0569","volume":"144","author":"V Morales","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morales V, Santana P, Di\u00e1z R, Tabraue C, Gallardo G, L\u00f3pez Blanco F, Hern\u00e1ndez I, Fanjul LF, Ruiz de Galarreta CM (2003) Intratesticular delivery of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ceramide directly abrogates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and Leydig cell steroidogenesis in adult rats. Endocrinology 144:4763\u20134772. doi: 10.1210\/en.2003-0569","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"576_CR65","first-page":"369","volume":"17","author":"NJ Olsen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ (1996) Gonadal steroids and immunity. Endocr Rev 17:369\u2013384. doi: 10.1210\/er.17.4.369","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04210.x","volume":"966","author":"M Cutolo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Villaggio B, Pizzorni C, Craviotto C, Sulli A (2002) Androgens and estrogens modulate the immune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 966:131\u2013142","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"576_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(94)00036-C","volume":"60","author":"I Zofkov\u00e1","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zofkov\u00e1 I, Kancheva RL, Hampl R (1995) A decreasing CD4+\/CD8+ ratio after one month of treatment with stanazolol in postmenopausal women. Steroids 60:430\u2013433. doi: 10.1016\/0039-128X(94)00036-C","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"576_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340102","volume":"34","author":"M Cutolo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Balleari E, Giusti M, Intra E, Accardo S (1991) Androgen replacement therapy in male patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34:1\u20135. doi: 10.1002\/art.1780340102","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"576_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)33948-3","volume":"328","author":"CEB Couri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Couri CEB, Foss NT, Dos Santos CS, de Paula FJA (2004) Hypercalcemia secondary to leprosy. Am J Med Sci 328:357\u2013359","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"576_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90434-2","volume":"84","author":"E Ryzen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ryzen E, Rea TH, Singer FR (1988) Hypercalcemia and abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in leprosy. Am J Med 84:325\u2013329. doi: 10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90434-2","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"576_CR71","first-page":"311","volume":"57","author":"KN Rao","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rao KN, Saha K (1986) Undernutrition in lepromatous leprosy, Part II. Altered levels of serum elements. Their association with the disease and not with food deprivation. Lepr Rev 57:311\u2013316","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-6-890","volume":"105","author":"VN Hoffman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hoffman VN, Korzeniowski OM (1986) Leprosy, hypercalcemia, and elevated serum calcitriol levels. Ann Intern Med 105:890\u2013891","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"576_CR73","first-page":"586","volume":"61","author":"MC Vidal","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vidal MC, Botasso OA, Lehrer A, Puche RC (1993) Altered calcium-binding ability of plasma proteins as the cause of hypocalcemia in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 61:586\u2013591","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR74","first-page":"580","volume":"62","author":"CA Mautalen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mautalen CA, Vaquero NL, Zeni SN, Mendez MA, Gonzalez DC, Bagur AC, Casco CA, Ladizesky MG (1994) Calcium metabolism and its regulating hormones in patients with leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 62:580\u2013585","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360070187031","volume":"145","author":"E Ryzen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ryzen E, Singer FR (1985) Hypercalcemia in leprosy. Arch Intern Med 145:1305\u20131306. doi: 10.1001\/archinte.145.7.1305","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"576_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198108203050807","volume":"305","author":"GL Barbour","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barbour GL, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Norman AW, Horst RL (1991) Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N Engl J Med 305:440\u2013443","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"576_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90799-X","volume":"76","author":"MS Parker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Parker MS, Dokoh S, Woolfenden JM, Buchsbaum HW (1984) Hypercalcemia in coccidioidomycosis. Am J Med 76:341\u2013344. doi: 10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90799-X","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"576_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-3-324","volume":"90","author":"AA Abbasi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Abbasi AA, Chemplavil JK, Farah S, Muller BF, Arnstein AR (1979) Hypercalcemia in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 90:324\u2013328","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"576_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109442","volume":"64","author":"NH Bell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bell NH, Stern PH, Pantzer E, Sinha TK, Deluca HF (1979) Evidence that increased circulating 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the probable cause for abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 64:218\u2013225. doi: 10.1172\/JCI109442","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"576_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111147","volume":"72","author":"JS Adams","year":"1983","unstructured":"Adams JS, Sharma OP, Gacad MA, Singer FR (1983) Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by cultured pulmonary alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 72:1856\u20131860. doi: 10.1172\/JCI111147","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"576_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-1-59","volume":"100","author":"RS Mason","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mason RS, Frankel T, Chan YL, Lissner D, Posen S (1984) Vitamin D conversion by sarcoid lymph node homogenate. Ann Intern Med 100:59\u201361","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"576_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016","volume":"92","author":"P Lips","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lips P (2006) Vitamin D physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92:4\u20138. doi: 10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"576_CR83","first-page":"393","volume":"29","author":"DE Paterson","year":"1961","unstructured":"Paterson DE, Rad M (1961) Bone changes in leprosy, their incidence, progress, prevention and arrest. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 29:393\u2013422","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR84","first-page":"58","volume":"62","author":"DM Thappa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thappa DM, Sharma VK, Kaur S, Suri S (1992) Radiological changes in hands and feet in disabled leprosy patients: a clinico-radiological correlation. Indian J Lepr 62:58\u201366","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR85","first-page":"203","volume":"71","author":"H Choudhuri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Choudhuri H, Thappa DM, Kumar RH, Elangovan S (1999) Bone changes in leprosy patients with disabilities\/deformities (a clinico-radiological correlation). Indian J Lepr 71:203\u2013215","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900593","volume":"64","author":"S Ishikawa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ishikawa S, Ishikawa A, Yoh K, Tanaka H, Fujiwara M (1999) Osteoporosis in male and female leprosy patients. Calcif Tissue Int 64:144\u2013147. doi: 10.1007\/s002239900593","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"576_CR87","first-page":"279","volume":"51","author":"A Ishikawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ishikawa A, Tanaka H, Mizushima M, Hashizume H, Ishida Y, Inoue H (1997) Osteoporosis due to testicular atrophy in male leprosy patients. Acta Med Okayama 51:279\u2013283","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"576_CR88","first-page":"258","volume":"68","author":"S Ishikawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ishikawa S, Mizushima M, Furuta M, Ishikawa A, Kawamura K (2000) Leydig cell hyperplasia and the maintenance of bone volume: bone histomorphometry and testicular histopathology in 29 male leprosy autopsy cases. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 68:258\u2013266","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"576_CR89","first-page":"322","volume":"72","author":"A Ishikawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ishikawa A, Ishikawa S, Hirakawa M (2001) Osteoporosis, bone turnover and hypogonadism in elderly men with treated leprosy. Lepr Rev 72:322\u2013329","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.3.197","volume":"78","author":"SL Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker SL, Waters MFR, Lockwood DNJ (2007) The role of thalidomide in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum. Lepr Rev 78:197\u2013215","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318142bafb","volume":"334","author":"FB Ribeiro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ribeiro FB, Pereira F de A, Muller E, Foss NT, de Paula FJ (2007) Evaluation of bone and mineral metabolism in patients recently diagnosed with leprosy. Am J Med Sci 334:322\u2013326","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"576_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00334.x","volume":"208","author":"JA Clowes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clowes JA, Riggs BL, Khosla S (2005) The role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Immunol Rev 208:207\u2013227. doi: 10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00334.x","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"576_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-004-0546-7","volume":"23","author":"A Kanaji","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanaji A, Higashi M, Namisato M, Ando K, Nakagawa M, Yato Y, Ichinose H, Sakamaki T, Yamada H (2005) Trochanteric hip fracture in an elderly patient with leprosy during osteoporosis treatment with risedronate and alfacalcidol. J Bone Miner Metab 23:90\u201394. doi: 10.1007\/s00774-004-0546-7","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"576_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.77.2.147","volume":"77","author":"A Kanaji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanaji A, Higashi M, Namisato M, Nishio M, Ando K, Yamada H (2006) Effects of risedronate on lumbar bone mineral density, bone resorption, and incidence of vertebral fracture in elderly male patients with leprosy. Lepr Rev 77:147\u2013153","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR95","first-page":"485","volume":"49","author":"IS Yumnam","year":"1977","unstructured":"Yumnam IS, Kaur S, Kumar B, Rastogi GK (1977) Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. I. Thyroid function tests. Lepr India 49:485\u2013491","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"key":"576_CR96","first-page":"215","volume":"62","author":"R Garg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Garg R, Agarwal JK, Singh G, Bajpai HS (1990) Thyroid function in leprosy. Indian J Lepr 62:215\u2013218","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.26719\/2001.7.1-2.79","volume":"7","author":"MM Kheir","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kheir MM, Ahmed AM, Elsarrag AA (2001) Thyroid functional status in leprosy patients in Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 7:79\u201383","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"576_CR98","volume-title":"Williams textbook of endocrinology","author":"PR Larsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Larsen PR, Davies TF, Schlumberger M-J, Hay ID (2002) Thyroid physiology and diagnostic evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders. In: Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Wilson JD, Foster DW (eds) Williams textbook of endocrinology, 10th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA","edition":"10"},{"key":"576_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90501-4","volume":"2","author":"L Bonomo","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bonomo L, Dammacco F, Pinto L, Babieri G (1963) Thyroglobulin antibodies in leprosy. Lancet 2:807\u2013809. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90501-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"576_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90089-2","volume":"66","author":"T Shwe","year":"1972","unstructured":"Shwe T (1972) Clinical significance of autoimmune antibodies in leprosy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66:749\u2013753. doi: 10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90089-2","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"576_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.75.1.50","volume":"75","author":"V Pradhan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pradhan V, Badakere SS, Shankar Kumar U (2004) Increased incidence of cytoplasmic ANCA (cANCA) and other autoantibodies in leprosy patients from western India. Lepr Rev 75:50\u201356","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"576_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01137-8","volume":"112","author":"AF Badros","year":"2002","unstructured":"Badros AF, Siegel E, Bodenner D, Zangari M, Zeldis J, Barlogie B, Tricot G (2002) Hypothyroidism in patients with multiple myeloma following treatment with thalidomide. Am J Med 112:412\u2013413. doi: 10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01137-8","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"576_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.47878\/hi.1979.v4.35626","volume":"4","author":"P Nigam","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nigam P, Dayal SG, Srivastava P, Joshi LD, Goyal BM, Dutt B, Gupta MC (1979) Diabetic status in leprosy. Hansenol Int 4:7\u201314","journal-title":"Hansenol Int"},{"key":"576_CR104","first-page":"50","volume":"62","author":"R Garg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Garg R, Agrawal JK, Bajpai HS, Singh G, Srivastava PK (1990) Glucose tolerance test in leprosy. Indian J Lepr 62:50\u201354","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"576_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2167-y","volume":"30","author":"PE Marik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marik PE, Rahavan M (2004) Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and immunomodulation in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 30:748\u2013756. doi: 10.1007\/s00134-004-2167-y","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"576_CR106","first-page":"10","volume":"66","author":"DS Sugumaran","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sugumaran DS (1998) Leprosy reactions\u2014complications of steroid therapy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 66:10\u201315","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-008-0576-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-008-0576-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-008-0576-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T08:41:43Z","timestamp":1709109703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-008-0576-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-008-0576-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]}}}