{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:26:58Z","timestamp":1789586818250,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,27]],"date-time":"2011-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1198-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]],"date-time":"2011-02-25T23:28:14Z","timestamp":1298676494000},"page":"1105-1109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Nasal cytology: the \u201cinfectious spot\u201d, an expression of a morphological-chromatic biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Gelardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Passalacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Fiorella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1198_CR1","first-page":"203","volume":"19","author":"PA Bogaerts","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bogaerts PA, Clement PA (1981) The diagnostic value of a cytogram in rhinopathology. Rhinology 19:203\u2013208","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"1198_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1979.tb04375.x","volume":"34","author":"H Malmberg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Malmberg H, Holopainen E (1979) Nasal smear as a screening test for immediate-type nasal allergy. Allergy 34:331\u2013337","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1198_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.4401","volume":"111","author":"U Gl\u00fcck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gl\u00fcck U, Sch\u00fctz R, Gebbers JO (2003) Cytopathology of the nasal mucosa in chronic exposure to diesel engine emission: a five-year survey of Swiss customs officers. Environ Health Perspect 111:925\u2013929","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1198_CR4","first-page":"116","volume":"47","author":"M Boysen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Boysen M, Zadig E, Digernes V, Abeler V, Reith A (1990) Nasal mucosa in workers exposed to formaldehyde: a pilot study. Br J Ind Med 47:116\u2013121","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"1198_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-6","volume":"3","author":"M Gelardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelardi M, Tomaiuolo M, Cassano M, Besozzi G, Fiorella ML, Calvario A, Castellano MA, Cassano P (2006) Epstein-barr virus induced cellular changes in nasal mucosa. Virol J 3:6\u201310","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1198_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00634.x","volume":"18","author":"M Gelardi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gelardi M, Fiorella ML, Leo G, Incorvaia C (2007) Cytology in the diagnosis of rhinosinusitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 18:50\u201352","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"1198_CR7","volume-title":"Atlas of nasal cytology","author":"M Gelardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelardi M (2006) Atlas of nasal cytology. Centro Scientifico Editore, Turin Italy"},{"key":"1198_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197604000-00007","volume":"86","author":"JT Bickmore","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bickmore JT, Marshall ML (1976) Cytology of nasal secretions: further diagnostic help. Laryngoscope 86:516\u2013523","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1198_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(81)90019-1","volume":"67","author":"RL Jacobs","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jacobs RL, Freedman PM, Boswell RN (1981) Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES syndrome). Clinical and immunologic presentation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 67:253\u2013262","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1198_CR10","first-page":"182","volume":"43","author":"JT Connell","year":"1969","unstructured":"Connell JT (1969) Nasal mastocytosis. J Allergy 43:182\u2013189","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"key":"1198_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100209","volume":"21","author":"M Gelardi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gelardi M, Maselli Del Giudice A, Fiorella ML, Fiorella R, Russo C, Soleti P, Di Gioacchino M, Ciprandi G (2008) Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophils and mast cells constitutes a new severe nasal disorder. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 21:325\u2013331","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1198_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240501900506","volume":"19","author":"BJ Ferguson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferguson BJ, Stolz DB (2005) Demonstration of biofilm in human bacterial chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 19:452\u2013457","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"1198_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6657(08)70260-9","volume":"62","author":"R G\u0142owacki","year":"2008","unstructured":"G\u0142owacki R, Strek P, Zag\u00f3rska-Swiezy K, Sk\u0142adzie\u0144 J, Ole\u015b K, Hydzik-Soboci\u0144ska K, Miodo\u0144ski A (2008) Biofilm from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Morphological SEM studies. Otolaryngol Pol 62:305\u2013310","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Pol"},{"key":"1198_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31806009b0","volume":"117","author":"AJ Psaltis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Psaltis AJ, Ha KR, Beule AG, Tan LW, Wormald PJ (2007) Confocal scanning laser microscopy evidence of biofilms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 117:1302\u20131306","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1198_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000161346.30752.18","volume":"115","author":"JA Sanclement","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sanclement JA, Webster P, Thomas J, Ramadan HH (2005) Bacterial biofilms in surgical specimens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 115:578\u2013582","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1198_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318030e422","volume":"117","author":"PV Vlastarakos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vlastarakos PV, Nikolopoulos TP, Maragoudakis P, Tzagaroulakis A, Ferekidis E (2007) Biofilms in ear, nose, and throat infections: how important are they? Laryngoscope 117:668\u2013673","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1198_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01960877","volume":"11","author":"L Ganderton","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ganderton L, Chawla J, Winters C, Wimpenny J, Stickler D (1992) Scanning electron microscopy of bacterial biofilms on indwelling bladder catheters. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11:789\u2013796","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1198_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.19.5.687-693.1984","volume":"19","author":"TJ Marrie","year":"1984","unstructured":"Marrie TJ, Costerton JW (1984) Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of in situ bacterial colonization of intravenous and intraarterial catheters. J Clin Microbiol 19:687\u2013693","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1198_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260241111","volume":"24","author":"JD Bryers","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bryers JD, Characklis WG (1982) Processes governing primary biofilm formation. Biotechnol Bioeng 24:2451\u20132476","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"1198_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260370813","volume":"37","author":"MA Siebel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Siebel MA, Characklis WG (1991) Observations of binary population biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 37:778\u2013789","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"1198_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(99)80046-9","volume":"10","author":"RJ Palmer Jr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Palmer RJ Jr, Sternberg C (1999) Modern microscopy in biofilm research: confocal microscopy and other approaches. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10:263\u2013268","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"1198_CR22","first-page":"91","volume":"37","author":"BD Hoyle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hoyle BD, Costerton JW (1991) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: the role of biofilms. Prog Drug Res 37:91\u2013105","journal-title":"Prog Drug Res"},{"key":"1198_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr021776","volume":"347","author":"AS Prince","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prince AS (2002) Biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, and airway infection. N Engl J Med 347:1110\u20131111","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1198_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1008","volume":"2","author":"DG Davies","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davies DG (2003) Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:114\u2013122","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"1198_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2008.556","volume":"135","author":"EL Tonnaer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tonnaer EL, Mylanus EA, Mulder JJ, Curfs JH (2009) Detection of bacteria in healthy middle ears during cochlear implantation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135:232\u2013237","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1198_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.5.602","volume":"33","author":"GM Dickinson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dickinson GM, Bisno AL (1989) Infections associated with indwelling devices: infections related to extravascular devices. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33:602\u2013607","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1198_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20645","volume":"27","author":"K Schumm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schumm K, Lam TB (2008) Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults: a short version Cochrane review. Neurourol Urodyn 27:738\u2013746","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"1198_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0066-6","volume":"9","author":"YC Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu YC, Post JC (2009) Biofilms in pediatric respiratory and related infections. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 9:449\u2013455","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"1198_CR29","first-page":"302","volume":"46","author":"R Mladina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mladina R, Poje G, Vukovi\u0107 K, Risti\u0107 M, Musi\u0107 S (2008) Biofilm in nasal polyps. Rhinology 46:302\u2013307","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"1198_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moo.0000193177.62074.fd","volume":"14","author":"HH Ramadan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramadan HH (2006) Chronic rhinosinusitis and bacterial biofilms. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 14:183\u2013186","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1198_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3282b97327","volume":"15","author":"JC Post","year":"2007","unstructured":"Post JC, Hiller NL, Nistico L, Stoodley P, Ehrlich GD (2007) The role of biofilms in otolaryngologic infections: update 2007. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 15:347\u2013351","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1198_CR32","first-page":"230","volume":"42","author":"TJ Nevalainen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nevalainen TJ, Laitio M, Lindgren I (1972) Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining of epon-embedded tissues for light microscopy. Acta Histochem 42:230\u2013233","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"1198_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2500\/105065888781693212","volume":"2","author":"EO Meltzer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Meltzer EO, Jalowayski AA (1988) Nasal cytology in clinical practice. Am J Rhinol 2:47\u201354","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"1198_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","volume":"8","author":"HC Flemming","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flemming HC, Wingender J (2010) The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:623\u2013633","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1198_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000087254","volume":"51","author":"L Drago","year":"2005","unstructured":"Drago L, Ripa S, Zampaloni C, De Vecchi E, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Prenna M (2005) Activity of ceftibuten, cefaclor, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and telithromycin against Streptococcus pyogenes clinical isolates with different genotypes and phenotypes. Chemotherapy 51:268\u2013271","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"1198_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","volume":"15","author":"RM Donlan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donlan RM, Costerton JW (2002) Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:167\u2013193","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1198_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","volume":"284","author":"JW Costerton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318\u20131322","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1198-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1198-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1198-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T14:45:55Z","timestamp":1637333155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1198-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1198-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,27]]}}}