{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:28:20Z","timestamp":1790987300739,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1430-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,30]],"date-time":"2011-09-30T16:27:30Z","timestamp":1317400050000},"page":"881-888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cationic antimicrobial peptides in clinical development, with special focus on thanatin and heliomicin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Andr\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1430_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/70705","volume":"17","author":"H Breithaupt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Breithaupt H (1999) The new antibiotics. Nature 17:1165\u20131169","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1430_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5511.2068","volume":"291","author":"T Gura","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gura T (2001) Innate immunity: ancient system gets new respect. Science 291:2068\u20132071","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1430_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.2174\/156802610793176648","volume":"10","author":"EB Hadley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hadley EB, Hancock RE (2010) Strategies for the discovery and advancement of novel cationic antimicrobial peptides. Curr Top Med Chem 10:1872\u20131881","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"1430_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1313","volume":"284","author":"JA Hoffmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoffmann JA, Kafatos FC, Janeway CA, Ezekowitz RA (1999) Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 284:1313\u20131318","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1430_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80005-3","volume":"11","author":"RI Lehrer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lehrer RI, Ganz T (1999) Anti-microbial peptides in mammalian and insect host defence. Curr Opin Immunol 11:23\u201327","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"1430_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.0124.x","volume":"198","author":"P Bulet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bulet P, Stocklin R, Menin L (2004) Anti-microbial peptides: from invertebrates to vertebrates. Immunol Rev 198:169\u2013184","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"1430_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2008.10.006","volume":"19","author":"P Hamill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamill P, Brown K, Jenssen H, Hancock RE (2008) Novel anti-infectives: is host defence the answer? Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:628\u2013636","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"1430_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.12.004","volume":"135","author":"E Guan\u00ed-Guerra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guan\u00ed-Guerra E, Santos-Mendoza T, Lugo-Reyes SO, Ter\u00e1n LM (2010) Antimicrobial peptides: general overview and clinical implications in human health and disease. Clin Immunol 135:1\u201311","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1430_CR9","unstructured":"Guenneugues M, Dimarcq JL (2002) Lead optimisation of heliomicin with 3D structure analysis\/molecular modelling of analogues. 10th International Congress of Mycology, International Union of Microbiological Societies World Congresses \u20147, Paris, France"},{"key":"1430_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1053\/prrv.2001.0165","volume":"2","author":"PS Hiemstra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hiemstra PS (2001) Epithelial antimicrobial peptides and proteins: their role in host defence and inflammation. Paediatr Respir Rev 2:306\u2013310","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"1430_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481","volume":"347","author":"PY Ong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T et al (2002) Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 347:1151\u20131160","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1430_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11201-3","volume":"360","author":"K Putsep","year":"2002","unstructured":"Putsep K, Carlsson G, Boman HG, Andersson M (2002) Deficiency of antibacterial peptides in patients with morbus Kostmann: an observation study. Lancet 360:1144\u20131149","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1430_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02021","volume":"426","author":"JA Hoffmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hoffmann JA (2003) The immune response of Drosophila. Nature 426:33\u201338","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1430_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S327","DOI":"10.1086\/374758","volume":"187","author":"C Hetru","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hetru C, Troxler L, Hoffmann JA (2003) Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial defence. J Infect Dis 187 [Suppl 2]:S327\u2013S334","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1430_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0282(1998)47:6<465::AID-BIP5>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"47","author":"JL Dimarcq","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dimarcq JL, Bulet P, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA (1998) Cysteine-rich anti-microbial peptides in invertebrates. Biopolymers 47:465\u2013477","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"1430_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01228.x","volume":"254","author":"HG Boman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boman HG (2003) Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts. J Intern Med 254:197\u2013215","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1430_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1998.00343.x","volume":"48","author":"HG Boman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boman HG (1998) Gene-encoded peptide antibiotics and the concept of innate immunity: an update review. Scand J Immunol 48:15\u201325","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"1430_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90138-B","volume":"39","author":"BA Berkowitz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Berkowitz BA, Bevins CL, Zasloff MA (1990) Magainins: a new family of membrane-active host defence peptides. Biochem Pharmacol 39:625\u2013629","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"1430_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52963.x","volume":"797","author":"RI Lehrer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lehrer RI, Ganz T (1996) Endogenous vertebrate antibiotics. Defensins, protegrins, and other cysteine-rich anti-microbial peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 797:228\u2013239","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1430_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0282(1998)47:6<479::AID-BIP6>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"47","author":"F Garcia-Olmedo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Garcia-Olmedo F, Molina A, Alamillo JM, Rodriguez-Palenzuela P (1998) Plant defence peptides. Biopolymers 47:479\u2013491","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"1430_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01055.x","volume":"45","author":"RJ Abel van","year":"1995","unstructured":"Van Abel RJ, Tang YQ, Rao VS, Dobbs CH, Tran D, Barany G (1995) Synthesis and characterization of indolicidin, a tryptophan-rich anti-microbial peptide from bovine neutrophils. Int J Pept Protein Res 45:401\u2013409","journal-title":"Int J Pept Protein Res"},{"key":"1430_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00015-4","volume":"23","author":"P Bulet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bulet P, Hetru C, Dimarcq JL, Hoffmann D (1999) Anti-microbial peptides in insects; structure and function. Dev Comp Immunol 23:329\u2013344","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1430_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11000.x","volume":"206","author":"RE Hancock","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hancock RE, Rozek A (2002) Role of membrane in the activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 206:143\u2013149","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"1430_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0282(1998)47:6<451::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"47","author":"Z Oren","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oren Z, Shai Y (1998) Mode of action of linear amphipathic alpha-helical anti-microbial peptides. Biopolymers 47:451\u2013463","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"1430_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1139\/o98-026","volume":"76","author":"PM Hwang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hwang PM, Vogel HJ (1998) Structure-function relationships of anti-microbial peptides. Biochem Cell Biol 76:235\u2013346","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"1430_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36505-6","volume":"268","author":"S Cociancich","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cociancich S, Ghazi A, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA, Letellier L (1993) Insect defensin, an inducible antibacterial peptide, forms voltage-dependent channels in Micrococcus luteus. J Biol Chem 268:19239\u201319245","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1430_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(99)01490-2","volume":"5","author":"T Ganz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ganz T, Lehrer RI (1999) Antibiotic peptides from higher eukaryotes: biology and applications. Mol Med Today 5:292\u2013297","journal-title":"Mol Med Today"},{"key":"1430_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14150","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0012843","volume":"39","author":"L Otvos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Otvos L, Rogers ME, Consolvo PJ, Condie BA, Lovas S, Bulet P (2000) Interaction between heat shock proteins and anti-microbial peptides. Biochemistry 39:14150\u201314159","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"1430_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160077797","volume":"97","author":"K Thevissen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thevissen K, Cammue BP, Lemaire K, Winderickx J, Dickson RC, Lester RL (2000) A gene encoding a sphingolipid biosynthesis enzyme determines the sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an antifungal plant defensin from dahlia (Dahlia merckii). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:9531\u20139536","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1430_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1098","volume":"3","author":"KA Brogden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brogden KA (2005) Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat Rev Microbiol 3:238\u2013250","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1430_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.6.3358","volume":"165","author":"MG Scott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scott MG, Rosenberger CM, Gold MR, Finlay BB, Hancock RE (2000) An alpha-helical cationic anti-microbial peptide selectively modulates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide and directly alters macrophage gene expression. J Immunol 165:3358\u20133365","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1430_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v20.i5.40","volume":"20","author":"MG Scott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scott MG, Hancock RE (2000) Cationic anti-microbial peptides and their multifunctional role in the immune system. Crit Rev Immunol 20:407\u2013431","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1430_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(02)02582-5","volume":"8","author":"JL Dimarcq","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dimarcq JL (2003) Developing insect-derived drug candidates. Drug Discov Today 8:107\u2013110","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"1430_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.51.6.634","volume":"51","author":"D Michaelson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Michaelson D, Rayner J, Couto M, Ganz T (1992) Cationic defensins arise from charge-neutralized propeptides: mechanism for avoiding leukocyte autocytotoxicity? J Leukoc Biol 51:634\u2013639","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"1430_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.8.1723","volume":"9","author":"REW Hancock","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hancock REW (2000) Cationic anti-microbial peptides: toward clinical application. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9:1723\u20131729","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"1430_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2004.02.025","volume":"25","author":"E Andr\u00e8s","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andr\u00e8s E, Dimarcq JL (2004) Peptides anti-microbiens cationiques: de l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019immunit\u00e9 inn\u00e9e \u00e0 la production de m\u00e9dicaments. Rev Med Interne 25:629\u2013635","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"1430_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01278.x","volume":"255","author":"E Andr\u00e8s","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andr\u00e8s E, Dimarcq JL (2004) Cationic antimicrobial peptides: update of clinical development. J Intern Med 255:519\u2013520","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1430_CR38","first-page":"62","volume":"3","author":"DA O\u2019Neil","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil DA (2011) Prospects for peptides anti-infective agents. Innov Pharm Technol 3:62\u201366","journal-title":"Innov Pharm Technol"},{"key":"1430_CR39","first-page":"197","volume":"186","author":"L Jacob","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jacob L, Zasloff M (1994) Potential therapeutic applications of magainins and other anti-microbial agents of animal origin. Ciba Found Symp 186:197\u2013216; discussion 216\u2013223","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"1430_CR40","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.magainin.com Accessed July 2011"},{"key":"1430_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199856060-00011","volume":"56","author":"HM Lamb","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lamb HM, Wiseman LR (1998) Pexiganan acetate. Drugs 56:1047\u20131052","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1430_CR42","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.intrabiotics.com\/news\/index.html Accessed July 2011"},{"key":"1430_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70131-9","volume":"87","author":"D Loury","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loury D, Embree JR, Steinberg DA, Sonis ST, Fiddes JC (1999) Effect of local application of the anti-microbial peptide IBL-367 on the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in hamsters. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 87:544\u2013551","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"1430_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.8.1731","volume":"9","author":"L Bellm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bellm L, Lehrer RI, Ganz T (2000) Protegrins: new antibiotics of mammalian origin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9:1731\u20131742","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"1430_CR45","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.micrologixbiotech.com\/index_clinical.html Accessed July 2011"},{"key":"1430_CR46","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.pharmalicencing.com Accessed July 2011"},{"key":"1430_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.291201.x","volume":"29","author":"DW Paquette","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paquette DW, Simpson DM, Friden P, Braman V, Williams RC (2002) Safety and clinical effects of topical histatin gels in human with experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 29:1051\u20131058","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"1430_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06468-4","volume":"350","author":"BP Giroir","year":"1997","unstructured":"Giroir BP, Quint PA, Barton P, Kirsch EA, Kitchen L, Goldstein B (1997) Preliminary evaluation of recombinant amino-terminal fragment of human bactericidal\/permeability increasing protein in children with severe meningococcal sepsis. Lancet 350:1439\u20131443","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1430_CR49","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.xoma.com Accessed July 2011"},{"key":"1430_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199904000-00018","volume":"46","author":"D Demetriades","year":"1999","unstructured":"Demetriades D, Smith JS, Jacobson LE, Moncure M, Minei J, Nelson BJ (1999) Bactericidal\/permeability increasing protein (rBPI-21) in patients with hemorrhage due to trauma: results of a multicenter phase II clinical trial. Trauma 46:667\u2013676","journal-title":"Trauma"},{"key":"1430_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.09.009","volume":"37","author":"E Andr\u00e8s","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andr\u00e8s E, Dimarcq JL (2007) Peptides anti-microbiens cationiques: de l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019immunit\u00e9 inn\u00e9e \u00e0 la production de m\u00e9dicaments. Med Mal Infect 37:194\u2013199","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"1430_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14614","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14614","volume":"94","author":"B Lemaitre","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lemaitre B, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (1997) Drosophila host defence: differential induction of antimicrobial peptide genes after infection by various classes of microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14614\u201314619","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1430_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00201-2","volume":"22","author":"JM Pages","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pages JM, Dimarcq JL, Quenin S, Hetru C (2003) Thanatin activity on multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:265\u2013269","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1430_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1221","volume":"93","author":"P Fehlbaum","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fehlbaum P, Bulet P, Chernysh S, Briand JP, Roussel JP, Letellier L (1996) Structure-activity analysis of thanatin, a 21-residue inducible insect defence peptide with sequence homology to frog skin antimicrobial peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1221\u20131225","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1430-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1430-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1430-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T03:26:26Z","timestamp":1712978786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1430-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1430-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}}}