{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:44:29Z","timestamp":1791308669284,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]],"date-time":"2013-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1941-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]],"date-time":"2013-08-15T23:19:33Z","timestamp":1376608773000},"page":"179-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Continued declining incidence and improved survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV\/AIDS patients in the current era"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"J. L.","family":"Casado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Martinez-San Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1941_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196110262651701","volume":"265","author":"EP Richardson Jr","year":"1961","unstructured":"Richardson EP Jr (1961) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Eng J Med 265:815\u2013823","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"1941_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300413","volume":"30","author":"SM Gillespie","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gillespie SM, Chang Y, Lemp G et al (1991) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus, San Francisco, 1981\u20131989. Ann Neurol 30:597\u2013604","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1941_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-1-78","volume":"107","author":"JR Berger","year":"1987","unstructured":"Berger JR, Kaszovitz B, Post MJ, Dickinson G (1987) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A review of the literature with a report of sixteen cases. Ann Intern Med 107:78\u201387","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1941_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000136093.47316.f3","volume":"37","author":"C Wyen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wyen C, Hoffmann C, Schmeisser N et al (2004) Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: survival and risk factors of death. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37:1263\u20131268","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1941_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","volume":"9","author":"CS Tan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan CS, Koralnik IJ (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol 9:425\u2013437","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1941_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1086\/315817","volume":"182","author":"A Luca De","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Luca A, Giancola ML, Ammassari A et al (2000) The effect of potent antiretroviral therapy and JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid on clinical outcome of patients with AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 182:1077\u20131083","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.623","volume":"52","author":"DB Clifford","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clifford DB, Yiannoutsos C, Glicksman M et al (1999) HAART improves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 52:623\u2013625","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1941_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1086\/314496","volume":"178","author":"Y Taoufik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Taoufik Y, Gasnault J, Karaterki A et al (1998) Prognostic value of JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 178:1816\u20131820","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1086\/427698","volume":"40","author":"S Bossolasco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bossolasco S, Calori G, Moretti F et al (2005) Prognostic significance of JC virus DNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clin Infect Dis 40:738\u2013744","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1086\/595299","volume":"199","author":"FN Engsig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Engsig FN, Hansen AB, Omland LH et al (2009) Incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: a nationwide cohort study. J Infect Dis 199:77\u201383","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1086\/374048","volume":"36","author":"J Berenguer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berenguer J, Miralles P, Arrizabalaga J et al (2003) Clinical course and prognostic factors of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 36:1047\u20131052","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00554.x","volume":"9","author":"S Grabar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grabar S, Lanoy E, Allavena C et al (2008) Causes of the first AIDS-defining illness and subsequent survival before and after the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 9:246\u2013256","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1941_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390195298","volume":"9","author":"P Cinque","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cinque P, Koralnik IJ, Clifford DB (2003) The evolving face of human immunodeficiency virus-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: defining a consensus terminology. J Neurovirol 9(Suppl 1):88\u201392","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1941_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1527","volume":"15","author":"JK Rockstroh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rockstroh JK, Gatell J, Landman R, Antinori A (2010) Management of late-presenting patients with HIV infection. Antivir Ther 15(Suppl 1):25\u201330","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"1941_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(99)00095-6","volume":"82","author":"CG Fedele","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fedele CG, Ciardi M, Delia S, Echevarria JM, Tenorio A (1999) Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection and typing of polyomavirus JC, BK and SV40 DNA in clinical samples. J Virol Method 82:137\u2013144","journal-title":"J Virol Method"},{"key":"1941_CR16","first-page":"45","volume":"18","author":"SL Letendre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Ances BM, McCutchan JA (2010) Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. Top HIV Med 18:45\u201355","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1941_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390195351","volume":"9","author":"P Cinque","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cinque P, Bossolasco S, Brambilla AM et al (2003) The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution on development and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: study of 43 cases with review of the literature. J Neurovirol 9(Suppl 1):73\u201380","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"1941_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120701235628","volume":"19","author":"C Couzigou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Couzigou C, Semaille C, Le Strat Y et al (2007) Differential improvement in survival among patients with AIDS after the introduction of HAART. AIDS Care 19:523\u2013531","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"1941_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1086\/598335","volume":"48","author":"N Khanna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khanna N, Elzi L, Mueller NJ et al (2009) Incidence and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over 20 years of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 48:1459\u20131466","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1305-289","volume":"13","author":"MM Colubi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Colubi MM, P\u00e9rez-El\u00edas MJ, El\u00edas L et al (2012) Missing scheduled visits in the outpatient clinic as a marker of short-term admissions and death. HIV Clin Trials 13:289\u2013295","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"1941_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817bec64","volume":"49","author":"V Falc\u00f3","year":"2008","unstructured":"Falc\u00f3 V, Olmo M, del Saz SV et al (2008) Influence of HAART on the clinical course of HIV-1-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results of an observational multicenter study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49:26\u201331","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1941_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/313598","volume":"30","author":"B Giudici","year":"2000","unstructured":"Giudici B, Vaz B, Bossolasco S et al (2000) Highly active antiretroviral therapy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: effects on cerebrospinal fluid markers of JC virus replication and immune response. Clin Infect Dis 30:95\u201399","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1941_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440309","volume":"44","author":"JR Berger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berger JR, Levy RM, Flomenhoft D, Dobbs M (1998) Predictive factors for prolonged survival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 44:341\u2013349","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1941_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152537247","volume":"7","author":"P Cinque","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cinque P, Pierotti C, Vigan\u00f2 MG et al (2001) The good and evil of HAART in HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 7:358\u2013363","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"1941_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307040-00004","volume":"17","author":"J Gasnault","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gasnault J, Kahraman M, de Go\u00ebr de Herve MG, Durali D, Delfraissy JF, Taoufik Y (2003) Critical role of JC virus-specific CD4 T-cell responses in preventing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. AIDS 17:1443\u20131449","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1941_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701381324","volume":"13","author":"A Marzocchetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marzocchetti A, Sanguinetti M, Giambenedetto SD et al (2007) Characterization of JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1 infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: insights into viral pathogenesis and disease prognosis. J Neurovirol 13:338\u2013346","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"1941_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000194804.97164.86","volume":"19","author":"RA Pasquier Du","year":"2005","unstructured":"Du Pasquier RA, Autissier P, Zheng Y, Jean-Jacques J, Koralnik IJ (2005) Presence of JC virus-specific CTL in the cerebrospinal fluid of PML patients: rationale for immune-based therapeutic strategies. AIDS 19:2069\u20132076","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1941_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01686.x","volume":"14","author":"AK Drake","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drake AK, Loy CT, Brew BJ et al (2007) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: epidemiology and predictive factors for prolonged survival. Eur J Neurol 14:418\u2013423","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1941_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820c3089","volume":"76","author":"E Lanoy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lanoy E, Guiguet M, Bentata M et al (2011) Survival after neuroAIDS: association with antiretroviral CNS Penetration-Effectiveness score. Neurology 76:644\u2013651","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1941_CR30","unstructured":"Gasnault J, Lanoy E, Bentata M, Gulgust M, Costagliola D (2008) Intracerebral penetrating ART are more efficient on survival of HIV+ patients with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (ANRS CO4-FHDH). In: Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA, February 2008"},{"key":"1941_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.9.3479","volume":"87","author":"H Tada","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tada H, Rappaport J, Lashgari M, Amini S, Wong-Staal F, Khalili K (1990) Trans-activation of the JC virus late promoter by the tat protein of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus in glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:3479\u20133483","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1941_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152537193","volume":"7","author":"JR Berger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berger JR, Chauhan A, Galey D, Nath A (2001) Epidemiological evidence and molecular basis of interactions between HIV and JC virus. J Neurovirol 7:329\u2013338","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"1941_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020967","volume":"6","author":"J Gasnault","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gasnault J, Costagliola D, Hendel-Chavez H et al (2011) Improved survival of HIV-1-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy receiving early 5-drug combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 6:e20967","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1941_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02657-08","volume":"83","author":"N Khanna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khanna N, Wolbers M, Mueller NJ et al (2009) JC virus-specific immune responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Virol 83:4404\u20134411","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1941_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199701000-00003","volume":"11","author":"P Cinque","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cinque P, Scarpellini P, Vago L, Linde A, Lazzarin A (1997) Diagnosis of central nervous system complications in HIV-infected patients: cerebrospinal fluid analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. AIDS 11:1\u201317","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1941_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4175-4177.2005","volume":"43","author":"A Marzocchetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marzocchetti A, Di Giambenedetto S, Cingolani A, Ammassari A, Cauda R, De Luca A (2005) Reduced rate of diagnostic positive detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of suspected progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Microbiol 43:4175\u20134177","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1941_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199610090-00004","volume":"10","author":"P Cinque","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cinque P, Vago L, Dahl H et al (1996) Polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 10:951\u2013958","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1941_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.2.253","volume":"52","author":"IJ Koralnik","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koralnik IJ, Boden D, Mai VX, Lord CI, Letvin NL (1999) JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 52:253\u2013260","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-013-1941-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-013-1941-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-013-1941-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1559108107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-013-1941-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-013-1941-6","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718082196.793511827","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]}}}