{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:59:14Z","timestamp":1792180754125,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,16]],"date-time":"2016-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,16]],"date-time":"2016-04-16T06:24:31Z","timestamp":1460787871000},"page":"1059-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Brook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2640_CR1","first-page":"623","volume":"9","author":"H Faden","year":"1990","unstructured":"Faden H, Stanievich J, Brodsky L, Bernstein J, Ogra PL (1990) Changes in nasopharyngeal flora during otitis media of childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:623\u2013626","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80605-5","volume":"120","author":"MA Beccaro Del","year":"1992","unstructured":"Del Beccaro MA, Mendelman PM, Inglis AF, Richardson MA, Duncan NO, Clausen CR, Stull TL (1992) Bacteriology of acute otitis media: a new perspective. J Pediatr 120:81\u201384","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3 Pt 3","key":"2640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894810903S216","volume":"90","author":"JM Gwaltney Jr","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gwaltney JM Jr, Sydnor A Jr, Sande MA (1981) Etiology and antimicrobial treatment of acute sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 90(3 Pt 3):68\u201371","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"2640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-45-5-372","volume":"45","author":"I Brook","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brook I, Frazier EH, Foote PA (1996) Microbiology of the transition from acute to chronic maxillary sinusitis. J Med Microbiol 45:372\u2013375","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.03.012","volume":"133","author":"I Brook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brook I (2005) The role of bacterial interference in otitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:139\u2013146","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR6","first-page":"13","volume":"316","author":"ER Wald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wald ER (1998) Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children and adults. Am J Med Sci 316:13\u201320","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949810701107","volume":"107","author":"MA Biel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Biel MA, Brown CA, Levinson RM, Garvis GE, Paisner HM, Sigel ME, Tedford TM (1998) Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 107:942\u2013945","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dlugaszewska J, Leszczynska M, Lenkowski M, Tatarska A, Pastusiak T, Szyfter W (2015) The pathophysiological role of bacterial biofilms in chronic sinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3650-5"},{"key":"2640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.04001.x","volume":"19","author":"R Wolcott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolcott R, Costerton JW, Raoult D, Cutler SJ (2013) The polymicrobial nature of biofilm infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:107\u2013112","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.02.008","volume":"136","author":"VR Ramakrishnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan VR, Hauser LJ, Feazel LM, Ir D, Robertson CE, Frank DN (2015) Sinus microbiota varies among chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes and predicts surgical outcome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 136:334\u2013342.e1","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909800605","volume":"98","author":"I Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook I (1989) Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98:426\u2013428","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.5.583","volume":"128","author":"I Brook","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brook I (2002) Bacteriology of acute and chronic frontal sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:583\u2013585","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211101109","volume":"111","author":"I Brook","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brook I (2002) Bacteriology of acute and chronic sphenoid sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 111:1002\u20131004","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3479-3480.2005","volume":"43","author":"I Brook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brook I (2005) Bacteriology of acute and chronic ethmoid sinusitis. J Clin Microbiol 43:3479\u20133480","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100140599","volume":"112","author":"RS Jiang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jiang RS, Hsu CY, Jang JW (1998) Bacteriology of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in chronic sinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 112:845\u2013848","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2500\/105065898781390055","volume":"12","author":"J Hsu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hsu J, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW (1998) Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 12:243\u2013248","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"2640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2500\/105065898781390000","volume":"12","author":"DM Nadel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nadel DM, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW (1998) Endoscopically guided cultures in chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 12:233\u2013241","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"2640_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.125.10.1117","volume":"125","author":"N Bhattacharyya","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ (1999) The microbiology of recurrent rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125:1117\u20131120","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2500\/105065894781874205","volume":"8","author":"WE Bolger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bolger WE (1994) Gram negative sinusitis: an emerging clinical entity? Am J Rhinol 8:279\u2013284","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"2640_CR20","first-page":"S1","volume":"116","author":"MA Kaliner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaliner MA, Osguthorpe JD, Fireman P, Anon J, Georgitis J, Davis ML, Naclerio R, Kennedy D (1997) Sinusitis: bench to bedside. Current findings, future directions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116(6 Pt 2):S1\u2013S20","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02806-12","volume":"51","author":"GS Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho GS, Moon BJ, Lee BJ, Gong CH, Kim NH, Kim YS, Kim HS, Jang YJ (2013) High rates of detection of respiratory viruses in the nasal washes and mucosae of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Clin Microbiol 51:979\u2013984","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487709123952","volume":"84","author":"C Carenfelt","year":"1977","unstructured":"Carenfelt C, Lundberg C (1977) Purulent and non-purulent maxillary sinus secretions with respect to Po2, Pco2 and pH. Acta Otolaryngol 84:138\u2013144","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3109\/10408418709104438","volume":"14","author":"I Brook","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brook I (1987) Role of encapsulated anaerobic bacteria in synergistic infections. Crit Rev Microbiol 14:171\u2013193","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.6.1512","volume":"20","author":"CE Nord","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nord CE (1995) The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. Clin Infect Dis 20:1512\u20131524","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2640_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1994.01880360015003","volume":"120","author":"I Brook","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brook I, Thompson DH, Frazier EH (1994) Microbiology and management of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:1317\u20131320","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320090029022","volume":"246","author":"I Brook","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brook I (1981) Bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. JAMA 246:967\u2013969","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2640_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1086\/341899","volume":"35","author":"SM Finegold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Finegold SM, Flynn MJ, Rose FV, Jousimies-Somer H, Jakielaszek C, McTeague M, Wexler HM, Berkowitz E, Wynne B (2002) Bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 35:428\u2013433","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.01.020","volume":"73","author":"I Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook I (2009) Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 73:1183\u20131186","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70329-3","volume":"120","author":"H Jyonouchi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Kennedy CA, Roche AK, Kajander KC, Miller JR, Germaine GR, Rimell FL (1999) Localized sinus inflammation in a rabbit sinusitis model induced by Bacteroides fragilis is accompanied by rigorous immune responses. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:869\u2013875","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800313","volume":"108","author":"I Brook","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brook I, Yocum P (1999) Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 108:293\u2013295","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR31","first-page":"182","volume":"39","author":"MF Stephenson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stephenson MF, Mfuna L, Dowd SE, Wolcott RD, Barbeau J, Poisson M, James G, Desrosiers M (2010) Molecular characterization of the polymicrobial flora in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 39:182\u2013187","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3628","volume":"25","author":"FA Stressmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stressmann FA, Rogers GB, Chan SW, Howarth PH, Harries PG, Bruce KD, Salib RJ (2011) Characterization of bacterial community diversity in chronic rhinosinusitis infections using novel culture-independent techniques. Am J Rhinol Allergy 25:e133\u2013e140","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"2640_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197401172900304","volume":"290","author":"J Frederick","year":"1974","unstructured":"Frederick J, Braude AI (1974) Anaerobic infection of the paranasal sinuses. N Engl J Med 290:135\u2013137","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2640_CR34","first-page":"72","volume":"9","author":"P Cauwenberge Van","year":"1976","unstructured":"Van Cauwenberge P, Verschraegen G, Van Renterghem L (1976) Bacteriological findings in sinusitis (1963\u20131975). Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 9:72\u201377","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"key":"2640_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1979.00790190012003","volume":"105","author":"P Karma","year":"1979","unstructured":"Karma P, Jokipii L, Sipil\u00e4 P, Luotonen J, Jokipii AM (1979) Bacteria in chronic maxillary sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol 105:386\u2013390","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548809032499","volume":"20","author":"O Berg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Berg O, Carenfelt C, Kronvall G (1988) Bacteriology of maxillary sinusitis in relation to character of inflammation and prior treatment. Scand J Infect Dis 20:511\u2013516","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2500\/105065891782009270","volume":"5","author":"RG Fiscella","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fiscella RG, Chow JM (1991) Cefixime for treatment of maxillary sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 5:193\u2013197","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"2640_CR38","unstructured":"Sedallian A, Bru JP, Gaillat J (1992) Bacteriologic finding of chronic sinusitis. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of the Management of Infection, Berlin, abstract no. P2.71"},{"key":"2640_CR39","first-page":"16","volume":"40","author":"C Simoncelli","year":"1992","unstructured":"Simoncelli C, Ricci G, Molini E, von Garrel C, Capolunghi B, Giommetti S (1992) Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis. HNO 40:16\u201318","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"2640_CR40","first-page":"24","volume":"57","author":"S Tabaqchali","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tabaqchali S (1988) Anaerobic infections in the head and neck region. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 57:24\u201334","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"key":"2640_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100132323","volume":"109","author":"I Brook","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brook I, Yocum P (1995) Antimicrobial management of chronic sinusitis in children. J Laryngol Otol 109:1159\u20131162","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2640_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489509139385","volume":"115","author":"B Hartog","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hartog B, Degener JE, Van Benthem PP, Hordijk GJ (1995) Microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults: isolated aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their susceptibility to twenty antibiotics. Acta Otolaryngol 115:672\u2013677","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2640_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.Supplement_2.S214","volume":"20","author":"K Ito","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ito K, Ito Y, Mizuta K, Ogawa H, Suzuki T, Miyata H, Kato N, Watanabe K, Ueno K (1995) Bacteriology of chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis, and paranasal mucopyocele in Japan. Clin Infect Dis 20(Suppl 2):S214\u2013S219","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2640_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549609027174","volume":"28","author":"M Erkan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Erkan M, Ozcan M, Arslan S, Soysal V, Bozdemir K, Haghighi N (1996) Bacteriology of antrum in children with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Scand J Infect Dis 28:283\u2013285","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"2640_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199403000-00013","volume":"104","author":"M Erkan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Erkan M, Aslan T, Ozcan M, Ko\u00e7 N (1994) Bacteriology of antrum in adults with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Laryngoscope 104(3 Pt 1):321\u2013324","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2640_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199301000-00008","volume":"103","author":"DR Edelstein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Edelstein DR, Avner SE, Chow JM, Duerksen RL, Johnson J, Ronis M, Rybak LP, Bierman WC, Matthews BL, Kohlbrenner VM (1993) Once-a-day therapy for sinusitis: a comparison study of cefixime and amoxicillin. Laryngoscope 103:33\u201341","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2640_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100142732","volume":"112","author":"JM Klossek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klossek JM, Dubreuil L, Richet H, Richet B, Beutter P (1998) Bacteriology of chronic purulent secretions in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 112:1162\u20131166","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2640_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.11.014","volume":"31","author":"CH Hsin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hsin CH, Su MC, Tsao CH, Chuang CY, Liu CM (2010) Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis: a 6-year result of maxillary sinus punctures. Am J Otolaryngol 31:145\u2013149","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(90)90047-8","volume":"85","author":"MJ Goldenhersh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goldenhersh MJ, Rachelefsky GS, Dudley J, Brill J, Katz RM, Rohr AS, Spector SL, Siegel SC, Summanen P, Baron EJ, Finegold S (1998) The microbiology of chronic sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 85:1030\u20131039","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2640_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.05.008","volume":"35","author":"J Stokken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stokken J, Gupta A, Krakovitz P, Anne S (2014) Rhinosinusitis in children: a comparison of patients requiring surgery for acute complications versus chronic disease. Am J Otolaryngol 35:641\u2013646","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.2.174","volume":"126","author":"I Brook","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brook I, Yocum P, Shah K (2000) Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of concurrent chronic otitis media with effusion and chronic sinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:174\u2013176","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870210052007","volume":"117","author":"PW Orobello Jr","year":"1991","unstructured":"Orobello PW Jr, Park RI, Belcher LJ, Eggleston P, Lederman HM, Banks JR, Modlin JF, Naclerio RM (1991) Microbiology of chronic sinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:980\u2013983","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR53","first-page":"938","volume":"143","author":"DG Tinkelman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tinkelman DG, Silk HJ (1989) Clinical and bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. Am J Dis Child 143:938\u2013941","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2640_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870140067008","volume":"117","author":"HR Muntz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Muntz HR, Lusk RP (1991) Bacteriology of the ethmoid bullae in children with chronic sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:179\u2013181","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(88)90082-1","volume":"15","author":"FWA Otten","year":"1988","unstructured":"Otten FWA, Grote JJ (1988) Treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 15:269\u2013278","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR56","first-page":"173","volume":"51","author":"FWA Otten","year":"1997","unstructured":"Otten FWA (1997) Conservative treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Long-term follow-up. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 51:173\u2013175","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg"},{"key":"2640_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.9.1093","volume":"127","author":"DM Don","year":"2001","unstructured":"Don DM, Yellon RF, Casselbrant ML, Bluestone CD (2001) Efficacy of a stepwise protocol that includes intravenous antibiotic therapy for the management of chronic sinusitis in children and adolescents. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127:1093\u20131098","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR58","volume-title":"Anaerobic bacteria in human disease","author":"SM Finegold","year":"1977","unstructured":"Finegold SM (1977) Anaerobic bacteria in human disease. Academic Press, Orlando"},{"key":"2640_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9780849382581","volume-title":"Anaerobic infections diagnosis and management. A textbook","author":"I Brook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brook I (2007) Anaerobic infections diagnosis and management. A textbook. Informa Healthcare USA, New York"},{"key":"2640_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000210","volume":"110","author":"I Brook","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brook I, Frazier EH (2001) Correlation between microbiology and previous sinus surgery in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 110:148\u2013151","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21159","volume":"3","author":"EJ Cleland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cleland EJ, Bassiouni A, Wormald PJ (2013) The bacteriology of chronic rhinosinusitis and the pre-eminence of Staphylococcus aureus in revision patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 3:642\u2013646","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2640_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/000851-0","volume":"57","author":"I Brook","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brook I, Foote PA, Hausfeld JN (2008) Increase in the frequency of recovery of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. J Med Microbiol 57:1015\u20131017","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240201600309","volume":"16","author":"GA Bucholtz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bucholtz GA, Salzman SA, Bersalona FB, Boyle TR, Ejercito VS, Penno L, Peterson DW, Stone GE, Urquhart A, Shukla SK, Burmester JK (2002) PCR analysis of nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, and hypertrophied turbinates for DNA encoding bacterial 16S rRNA. Am J Rhinol 16:169\u2013173","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"2640_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45767-0","volume":"54","author":"I Brook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brook I, Frazier EH (2005) Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with nasal polyposis. J Med Microbiol 54:595\u2013597","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500437385","volume":"126","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Lee K, Yoo JB, Song JW, Yoon JH (2006) Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyp. Acta Otolaryngol 126:489\u2013497","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2013.879737","volume":"134","author":"Q Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Q, Lu X, Bo M, Qing H, Wang X, Zhang L (2014) The microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 134:1251\u20131258","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.1.31","volume":"124","author":"PA Clement","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clement PA, Bluestone CD, Gordts F, Lusk RP, Otten FW, Goossens H, Scadding GK, Takahashi H, van Buchem FL, Van Cauwenberge P, Wald ER (1998) Management of rhinosinusitis in children: Consensus meeting, Brussels, Belgium, September 13, 1996. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:31\u201334","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940511400714","volume":"114","author":"I Brook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brook I, Foote PA, Frazier EH (2005) Microbiology of acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 114:573\u2013576","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2640_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.10.1099","volume":"132","author":"I Brook","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brook I (2006) Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132:1099\u20131101","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02177.x","volume":"47","author":"A Bach","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bach A, Boehrer H, Schmidt H, Geiss HK (1992) Nosocomial sinusitis in ventilated patients. Nasotracheal versus orotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 47:335\u2013339","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2640_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R583","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3805","volume":"9","author":"AR Zanten van","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Zanten AR, Dixon JM, Nipshagen MD, de Bree R, Girbes AR, Polderman KH (2005) Hospital-acquired sinusitis is a common cause of fever of unknown origin in orotracheally intubated critically ill patients. Crit Care 9:R583\u2013R590","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2640_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198508000-00010","volume":"95","author":"FG Kronberg","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kronberg FG, Goodwin WJ Jr (1985) Sinusitis in intensive care unit patients. Laryngoscope 95:936\u2013938","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2640_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(84)90122-3","volume":"147","author":"MJ O\u2019Reilly","year":"1984","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly MJ, Reddick EJ, Black W, Carter PL, Erhardt J, Fill W, Maughn D, Sado A, Klatt GR (1984) Sepsis from sinusitis in nasotracheally intubated patients. A diagnostic dilemma. Am J Surg 147:601\u2013604","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR74","first-page":"232","volume":"34","author":"E Mevio","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mevio E, Benazzo M, Quaglieri S, Mencherini S (1996) Sinus infection in intensive care patients. Rhinology 34:232\u2013236","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"2640_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riga M, Danielidis V, Pneumatikos I (2010) Rhinosinusitis in the intensive care unit patients: a review of the possible underlying mechanisms and proposals for the investigation of their potential role in functional treatment interventions. J Crit Care 25:171.e9\u2013171e.14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.11.008"},{"key":"2640_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200011000-00019","volume":"93","author":"B Souweine","year":"2000","unstructured":"Souweine B, Mom T, Traore O, Aublet-Cuvelier B, Bret L, Sirot J, Deteix P, Gilain L, Boyer L (2000) Ventilator-associated sinusitis: microbiological results of sinus aspirates in patients on antibiotics. Anesthesiology 93:1255\u20131260","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2640_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(98)70078-6","volume":"119","author":"I Brook","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brook I, Shah K (1998) Sinusitis in neurologically impaired children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119:357\u2013360","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2640_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45655-0","volume":"53","author":"I Brook","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brook I (2004) Discrepancies in the recovery of bacteria from multiple sinuses in acute and chronic sinusitis. J Med Microbiol 53:879\u2013885","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198804000-00015","volume":"98","author":"I Brook","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brook I (1988) Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in head and neck infection. Laryngoscope 98:428\u2013431","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2640_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.5.601","volume":"6","author":"I Brook","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brook I (1984) The role of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the persistence of streptococcal tonsillar infection. Rev Infect Dis 6:601\u2013607","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"2640_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288402300608","volume":"23","author":"I Brook","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brook I, Gober AE (1984) Emergence of beta-lactamase-producing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the oropharynx of children following penicillin chemotherapy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 23:338\u2013341","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"2640_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02075694","volume":"5","author":"K Tun\u00e9r","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tun\u00e9r K, Nord CE (1986) Emergence of beta-lactamase producing anaerobic bacteria in the tonsils during penicillin treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol 5:399\u2013404","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2640_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890160058011","volume":"122","author":"I Brook","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brook I, Yocum P, Frazier EH (1996) Bacteriology and beta-lactamase activity in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:418\u2013422","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T16:16:55Z","timestamp":1718468215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,16]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,16]]}}}