{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:44:01Z","timestamp":1787237041789,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine","award":["Start up Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Start up Grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03685-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T19:03:38Z","timestamp":1576695818000},"page":"31-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of non-absorbent intravaginal menstrual\/contraceptive products on Staphylococcus aureus and production of the superantigen TSST-1"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Schlievert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"3685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032502","volume":"303","author":"KN Shands","year":"1980","unstructured":"Shands KN, Schmid GP, Dan BB, Blum D, Guidotti RJ, Hargrett NT, Anderson RL, Hill DL, Broome CV, Band JD et al (1980) Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases. N Engl J Med 303(25):1436\u20131442","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"3685_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032501","volume":"303","author":"JP Davis","year":"1980","unstructured":"Davis JP, Chesney PJ, Wand PJ, LaVenture M (1980) The investigation and laboratory team. Toxic shock syndrome: epidemiological features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention. N Engl J Med 303(25):1429\u20131435","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3685_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.4.509","volume":"143","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"1981","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Shands KN, Dan BB, Schmid GP, Nishimura RD (1981) Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic-shock syndrome. J Infect Dis 143(4):509\u2013516","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5936","key":"3685_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/305709a0","volume":"305","author":"BN Kreiswirth","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kreiswirth BN, Lofdahl S, Betley MJ, O\u2019Reilly M, Schlievert PM, Bergdoll MS, Novick RP (1983) The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage. Nature 305(5936):709\u2013712","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"3685_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-96-6-875","volume":"96","author":"AL Reingold","year":"1982","unstructured":"Reingold AL, Hargrett NT, Shands KN, Dan BB, Schmid GP, Strickland BY, Broome CV (1982) Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981. Ann Intern Med 96(6 Pt 2):875\u2013880","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"3685_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032501","volume":"303","author":"JP Davis","year":"1980","unstructured":"Davis JP, Chesney PJ, Wand PJ, LaVenture M (1980) Toxic-shock syndrome: epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention. N Engl J Med 303(25):1429\u20131435","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3685_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.4.441","volume":"145","author":"JP Davis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Davis JP, Osterholm MT, Helms CM, Vergeront JM, Wintermeyer LA, Forfang JC, Judy LA, Rondeau J, Schell WL (1982) Tri-state toxic-shock syndrome study. II. Clinical and laboratory findings. J Infect Dis 145(4):441\u2013448","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3685_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.4.431","volume":"145","author":"MT Osterholm","year":"1982","unstructured":"Osterholm MT, Davis JP, Gibson RW, Mandel JS, Wintermeyer LA, Helms CM, Forfang JC, Rondeau J, Vergeront JM (1982) Tri-state toxic-state syndrome study. I. Epidemiologic findings. J Infect Dis 145(4):431\u2013440","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3685_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.5.993","volume":"153","author":"JT Mills","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mills JT, Parsonnet J, Kass EH (1986) Production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1: effect of magnesium ion. J Infect Dis 153(5):993\u2013994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"3685_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-96-6-959","volume":"96","author":"CV Broome","year":"1982","unstructured":"Broome CV, Hayes PS, Ajello GW, Feeley JC, Gibson RJ, Graves LM, Hancock GA, Anderson RL, Highsmith AK, Mackel DC et al (1982) In-vitro studies of interactions between tampons and Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med 96(6 Pt 2):959\u2013962","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3685_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(85)90033-2","volume":"31","author":"PM Tierno Jr","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tierno PM Jr, Hanna BA (1985) In vitro amplification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by intravaginal devices. Contraception 31(2):185\u2013194","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"5","key":"3685_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.5.994","volume":"153","author":"PM Tierno Jr","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tierno PM Jr, Hanna BA (1986) Magnesium and the production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 153(5):994\u2013996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3685_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1086\/517804","volume":"177","author":"PM Tierno Jr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tierno PM Jr, Hanna BA (1998) Viscose rayon versus cotton tampons. J Infect Dis 177(3):824\u2013826","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8338","key":"3685_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92155-4","volume":"1","author":"PM Tierno","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tierno PM, Hanna BA (1983) Enzymic hydrolysis of tampon carboxymethylcellulose and toxic shock syndrome. Lancet 1(8338):1379\u20131380","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3685_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.2.236","volume":"147","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Blomster DA (1983) Production of staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: influence of physical and chemical factors. J Infect Dis 147(2):236\u2013242","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3685_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.8.2430-2438.2004","volume":"186","author":"AA Pragman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pragman AA, Yarwood JM, Tripp TJ, Schlievert PM (2004) Characterization of virulence factor regulation by SrrAB, a two-component system in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 186(8):2430\u20132438","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3685_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.4.1113-1123.2001","volume":"183","author":"JM Yarwood","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yarwood JM, McCormick JK, Schlievert PM (2001) Identification of a novel two-component regulatory system that acts in global regulation of virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 183(4):1113\u20131123","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3685_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1797-1803.2000","volume":"38","author":"JM Yarwood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yarwood JM, Schlievert PM (2000) Oxygen and carbon dioxide regulation of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus MN8. J Clin Microbiol 38(5):1797\u20131803","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3685_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.98","volume":"173","author":"J Parsonnet","year":"1996","unstructured":"Parsonnet J, Modern PA, Giacobbe KD (1996) Effect of tampon composition on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. J Infect Dis 173(1):98\u2013103","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3685_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S176","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_1.S176","volume":"11","author":"VA Fischetti","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fischetti VA, Chapman F, Kakani R, James J, Grun E, Zabriskie JB (1989) Role of air in growth and production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus in experimental cotton and rayon tampons. Rev Infect Dis 11(Suppl 1):S176\u2013S181","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3685_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370020088036","volume":"255","author":"AL Reingold","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reingold AL (1986) Toxic shock syndrome and the contraceptive sponge. Jama 255(2):242\u2013243","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3685_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_1.S35","volume":"11","author":"AL Reingold","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reingold AL, Broome CV, Gaventa S, Hightower AW (1989) Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: results of a multistate case-control study. Rev Infect Dis 11(Suppl 1):S35\u2013S41 discussion S41\u201332","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3685_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00351","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00351-18","volume":"84","author":"Louis Nonfoux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nonfoux L, Chiaruzzi M, Badiou C, Baude J, Tristan A, Thioulouse J, Muller D, Prigent Combaret C, Lina G (2018) Impact of currently marketed tampons and menstrual cups on Staphylococcus aureus growth and TSST-1 production in vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol(84):e00351-18","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3685_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01422.2004","volume":"99","author":"DR Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill DR, Brunner ME, Schmitz DC, Davis CC, Flood JA, Schlievert PM, Wang-Weigand SZ, Osborn TW (2005) In vivo assessment of human vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during and post menses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99(4):1582\u20131591","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3685_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.3.471","volume":"149","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Kelly JA (1984) Clindamycin-induced suppression of toxic-shock syndrome--associated exotoxin production. J Infect Dis 149(3):471","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3685_CR26","first-page":"666","volume":"64","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Blomster DA, Kelly JA (1984) Toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus: effect of tampons on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production. Obstet Gynecol 64(5):666\u2013671","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3685_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.1.87-90.1987","volume":"25","author":"AC Lee","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lee AC, Crass BA, Bergdoll MS (1987) Investigation by syringe method of effect of tampons on production in vitro of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 25(1):87\u201390","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3685_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02044.x","volume":"4","author":"M O\u2019Reilly","year":"1990","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly M, Kreiswirth B, Foster TJ (1990) Cryptic alpha-toxin gene in toxic shock syndrome and septicaemia strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 4(11):1947\u20131955","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3685_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.039","volume":"125","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Strandberg KL, Lin YC, Peterson ML, Leung DY (2010) Secreted virulence factor comparison between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and its relevance to atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(1):39\u201349","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3685_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040350","volume":"7","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Peterson ML (2012) Glycerol monolaurate antibacterial activity in broth and biofilm cultures. PLoS One 7(7):e40350","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"3685_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00483-09","volume":"17","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Nemeth KA, Davis CC, Peterson ML, Jones BE (2010) Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins are present in vivo in tampons. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17(5):722\u2013727","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3685_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02295-06","volume":"45","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Case LC, Strandberg KL, Tripp TJ, Lin YC, Peterson ML (2007) Vaginal Staphylococcus aureus superantigen profile shift from 1980 and 1981 to 2003, 2004, and 2005. J Clin Microbiol 45(8):2704\u20132707","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3685_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2875-2876.2004","volume":"42","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Tripp TJ, Peterson ML (2004) Reemergence of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, during the 2000-2003 surveillance period. J Clin Microbiol 42(6):2875\u20132876","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3685_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.1112","volume":"172","author":"PM Schlievert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schlievert PM (1995) Comparison of cotton and cotton\/rayon tampons for effect on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin. J Infect Dis 172(4):1112\u20131114","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-019-03685-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-019-03685-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-019-03685-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T19:24:06Z","timestamp":1608146646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-019-03685-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-019-03685-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}