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A retrospective population-based cohort of patients with bacteremia collected from 2012 to 2017 was identified. Clinical data from identified patients were collected from medical records to classify patients, calculate incidences, analyze risk factors of IE, and describe the management and outcome of the cohort. A total of 118 episodes of HACEK bacteremia were identified, of which 27 were definite IE. The incidence of HACEK bacteremia was 5.2 and of HACEK IE 1.2 episodes per 1,000,000 inhabitants per year. Other focal infections were identified in 55 of 118 of the episodes, most commonly within the abdomen (26 episodes). The propensity to cause IE ranged from 62 in\n                    <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    to 6% in\n                    <jats:italic>Eikenella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Risk factors for IE were cardiac implantable electronical device, predisposing cardiac conditions, community acquisition, long duration of symptoms, multiple positive blood cultures, fever, heart murmur, embolization, and unknown origin of infection. The scoring system DENOVA developed to predict IE in bacteremia with\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    also had a high sensitivity and specificity for predicting IE in HACEK bacteremia. The 30-day mortality was 4% in IE and 15% in non-IE bacteremia, and only one case of relapse was found. IE is common in bacteremia with\n                    <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cardiobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Kingella<\/jats:italic>\n                    but relatively rare in\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Eikenella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Treatment failures are very rare, and DENOVA can be used to evaluate the need for transesophageal echocardiography.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04035-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T20:02:40Z","timestamp":1600372960000},"page":"525-534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Epidemiology, bacteriology, and clinical characteristics of HACEK bacteremia and endocarditis: a population-based retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Berge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Morenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7570-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8103-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Nilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"44","key":"4035_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv319","volume":"36","author":"G Habib","year":"2015","unstructured":"Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, Dulgheru R, El Khoury G, Erba PA, Iung B, Miro JM, Mulder BJ, Plonska-Gosciniak E, Price S, Roos-Hesselink J, Snygg-Martin U, Thuny F, Tornos Mas P, Vilacosta I, Zamorano JL, Group ESCSD (2015) 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the task force for the management of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 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