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Data containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts and borrelia CSF\/serum antibody index results was received from the departments of clinical chemistry and microbiology at Kalmar County hospital. For this study, we defined LNB as a case with a positive borrelia antibody CSF\/serum index and CSF leukocytes\u2009&gt;\u20095\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\/L. Climate data including mean temperature, humidity and precipitation covering Kalmar County was collected from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. A total of 5051 paired serum-CSF samples from 4835 patients were investigated of which 251 laboratory LNB cases were found. The average annual LNB incidence in Kalmar County 2008\u20132019 was 8.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Positive relationships were observed between mean temperature and LNB incidence (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) as well as precipitation and LNB incidence (p\u2009=\u20090.003), both with a one calendar month delay. The results suggest an association between climate factors such as mean temperature and precipitation and LNB incidence, presumably through increased\/decreased human-tick interactions. This calls for increased awareness of LNB in both the short perspective after periods of warmth and heavy precipitation as well as in a longer perspective in relation to possible climate change. Further studies with larger study groups, covering other geographical areas and over longer periods of time are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04374-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T19:02:42Z","timestamp":1636484562000},"page":"253-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The relationship between the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis and climate factors in Kalmar County Sweden \u2014 an overview between 2008 and 2019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Keith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristofer","family":"\u00c5restedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivar","family":"Tjernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4374_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03175.x","volume":"17","author":"G Stanek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stanek G, Fingerle V, Hunfeld K-P, Jaulhac B, Kaiser R, Krause A, Kristoferitsch W, O\u2019connell S, Ornstein K, Strle F (2011) Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe. 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Informed consent was not required for this retrospective study. Only anonymized data is presented.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Author IT has served at advisory board for Pfizer Inc. The other authors (KK and K\u00c5) have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}