{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:50:08Z","timestamp":1787759408753,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-022-04400-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T09:17:11Z","timestamp":1642497431000},"page":"477-487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antimicrobial activities of aztreonam-avibactam and comparator agents tested against Enterobacterales from European hospitals analysed by geographic region and infection type (2019\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7022-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helio S.","family":"Sader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8648-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo E.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5961-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. J. Ryan","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2734-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia G.","family":"Carvalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0126-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz497","volume":"75","author":"OA Cornely","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cornely OA, Cisneros JM, Torre-Cisneros J, Rodriguez-Hernandez MJ, Tallon-Aguilar L, Calbo E, Horcajada JP, Queckenberg C, Zettelmeyer U, Arenz D, Rosso-Fernandez CM, Jimenez-Jorge S, Turner G, Raber S, \u00d2Brien S, Luckey A, Group C-CcRS (2020) Pharmacokinetics and safety of aztreonam\/avibactam for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized adults: results from the REJUVENATE study. J Antimicrob Chemother 75(3):618\u2013627","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198631020-00002","volume":"31","author":"RN Brogden","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brogden RN, Heel RC (1986) Aztreonam. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 31(2):96\u2013130","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"8","key":"4400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix893","volume":"66","author":"RA Bonomo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonomo RA, Burd EM, Conly J, Limbago BM, Poirel L, Segre JA, Westblade LF (2018) Carbapenemase-producing organisms: a global scourge. Clin Infect Dis 66(8):1290\u20131297","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00047","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00047-19","volume":"33","author":"K Bush","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bush K, Bradford PA (2020) Epidemiology of beta-lactamase-producing pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 33(2):e00047","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy347","volume":"6","author":"M Castanheira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castanheira M, Deshpande LM, Mendes RE, Canton R, Sader HS, Jones RN (2019) Variations in the occurrence of resistance phenotypes and carbapenemase genes among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in 20 years of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Open Forum Infect Dis 6(Suppl 1):S23\u2013S33","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"4400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70190-7","volume":"13","author":"LS Munoz-Price","year":"2013","unstructured":"Munoz-Price LS, Poirel L, Bonomo RA, Schwaber MJ, Daikos GL, Cormican M, Cornaglia G, Garau J, Gniadkowski M, Hayden MK, Kumarasamy K, Livermore DM, Maya JJ, Nordmann P, Patel JB, Paterson DL, Pitout J, Villegas MV, Wang H, Woodford N, Quinn JP (2013) Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis 13(9):785\u2013796","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00102","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-19","volume":"33","author":"JDD Pitout","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pitout JDD, Peirano G, Kock MM, Strydom KA, Matsumura Y (2019) The global ascendency of OXA-48-type carbapenemases. Clin Microbiol Rev 33(1):e00102","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4400_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00397","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00397-20","volume":"64","author":"SE Boyd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boyd SE, Livermore DM, Hooper DC, Hope WW (2020) Metallo-beta-lactamases: structure, function, epidemiology, treatment options, and the development pipeline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 64(10):e00397","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4400_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-18","volume":"32","author":"W Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu W, Feng Y, Tang G, Qiao F, McNally A, Zong Z (2019) NDM metallo-beta-lactamases and their bacterial producers in health care settings. Clin Microbiol Rev 32(2):e00115","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"4400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy346","volume":"6","author":"AS Fuhrmeister","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuhrmeister AS, Jones RN, Sader HS, Rhomberg PR, Mendes RE, Flamm RK, Le J, Denys G, Castanheira M, Deshpande LM, Canton R, Gales AC, Seifert H, Gur D, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Shortridge D, Zervos M, Cormican M, Streit JM, Huband MD, Tsakris A, Woosley LN, Cattoir V, Turnidge JD (2019) Global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: 20 years of experience with the SENTRY Program. Open Forum Infect Dis 6(Supplement 1):S1\u2013S102","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4400_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler JF, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson DL, Rice LB, Stelling J, Struelens MJ, Vatopoulos A, Weber JT, Monnet DL (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(3):268\u2013281","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"4400_CR12","unstructured":"CLSI (2012) M07-A9. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard: ninth edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA"},{"issue":"9","key":"4400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv132","volume":"70","author":"R Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh R, Kim A, Tanudra MA, Harris JJ, McLaughlin RE, Patey S, O\u2019Donnell JP, Bradford PA, Eakin AE (2015) Pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of a beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combination: a novel approach for aztreonam\/avibactam. J Antimicrob Chemother 70(9):2618\u20132626","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4400_CR14","unstructured":"EUCAST (2021) Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 11.0, January 2021. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz004","volume":"6","author":"RE Mendes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mendes RE, Jones RN, Woosley LN, Cattoir V, Castanheira M (2019) Application of next-generation sequencing for characterization of surveillance and clinical trial isolates: analysis of the distribution of beta-lactamase resistance genes and lineage background in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 6(Suppl 1):S69\u2013S78","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4400_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab279","volume":"76","author":"RE Mendes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendes RE, Doyle TB, Streit JM, Arhin FF, Sader HS, Castanheira M (2021) Investigation of mechanisms responsible for decreased susceptibility of aztreonam\/avibactam activity in clinical isolates of Enterobacterales collected in Europe, Asia and Latin America in 2019. J Antimicrob Chemother 76(11):2833\u20132838","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4400_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.050","volume":"99","author":"A Sonnevend","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sonnevend A, Ghazawi A, Darwish D, Barathan G, Hashmey R, Ashraf T, Rizvi TA, Pal T (2020) In vitro efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam, aztreonam-avibactam and other rescue antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales from the Arabian Peninsula. Int J Infect Dis 99:253\u2013259","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4400_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku568","volume":"70","author":"RA Alm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alm RA, Johnstone MR, Lahiri SD (2015) Characterization of Escherichia coli NDM isolates with decreased susceptibility to aztreonam\/avibactam: role of a novel insertion in PBP3. J Antimicrob Chemother 70(5):1420\u20131428","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4400_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.01.010","volume":"24","author":"M Estabrook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estabrook M, Kazmierczak KM, Wise M, Arhin FF, Stone GG, Sahm DF (2021) Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Enterobacterales with elevated MIC values for aztreonam-avibactam from the INFORM global surveillance study, 2012\u20132017. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 24:316\u2013320","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"4400_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.09.016","volume":"27","author":"M Sadek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadek M, Ruppe E, Habib A, Zahra R, Poirel L, Nordmann P (2021) International circulation of aztreonam\/avibactam-resistant NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli isolates: successful epidemic clones. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 27:326\u2013328","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"12","key":"4400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01659","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01659-20","volume":"64","author":"M Sadek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadek M, Juhas M, Poirel L, Nordmann P (2020) Genetic features leading to reduced susceptibility to aztreonam-avibactam among metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 64(12):e01659","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"4400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106439","volume":"58","author":"M Castanheira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castanheira M, Doyle TB, Deshpande LM, Mendes RE, Sader HS (2021) Activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam, meropenem\/vaborbactam and imipenem\/relebactam against carbapenemase-negative carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from US hospitals. Int J Antimicrob Agents 58(5):106439","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"4400_CR23","volume-title":"Central Asian and Eastern European surveillance of antimicrobial resistance","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO (2017) Central Asian and Eastern European surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"key":"4400_CR24","unstructured":"ECDC (2019) Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe. Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"key":"4400_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0108-y","volume":"14","author":"NK Fursova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fursova NK, Astashkin EI, Knyazeva AI, Kartsev NN, Leonova ES, Ershova ON, Alexandrova IA, Kurdyumova NV, Sazikina SY, Volozhantsev NV, Svetoch EA, Dyatlov IA (2015) The spread of bla OXA-48 and bla OXA-244 carbapenemase genes among Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter spp. isolated in Moscow. Russia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 14:46","journal-title":"Russia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"4400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.020","volume":"19","author":"E Protonotariou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Protonotariou E, Meletis G, Chatzopoulou F, Malousi A, Chatzidimitriou D, Skoura L (2019) Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 co-producing NDM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemases in Greece. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 19:81\u201382","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"10","key":"4400_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa278","volume":"75","author":"HS Sader","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sader HS, Carvalhaes CG, Duncan LR, Flamm RK, Shortridge D (2020) Susceptibility trends of ceftolozane\/tazobactam and comparators when tested against European Gram-negative bacterial surveillance isolates collected during 2012\u201318. J Antimicrob Chemother 75(10):2907\u20132913","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.20124","volume":"55","author":"S Suzuk Yildiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suzuk Yildiz S, Simsek H, Bakkaloglu Z, Numanoglu Cevik Y, Hekimoglu CH, Kilic S, Alp Mese E, Calisma UKS, G, (2021) The epidemiology of carbapenemases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in 2019 in Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 55(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol Bul"},{"issue":"1","key":"4400_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.296","volume":"41","author":"LM Weiner-Lastinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, Pollock D, See I, Soe MM, Walters MS, Dudeck MA (2020) Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015\u20132017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 41(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1478","volume":"72","author":"PD Tamma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, Mathers AJ, van Duin D, Clancy CJ (2021) Infectious Diseases Society of America guidance on the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa). Clin Infect Dis 72(7):e169\u2013e183","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-022-04400-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-022-04400-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-022-04400-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T13:14:45Z","timestamp":1644498885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-022-04400-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-022-04400-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JMI Laboratories contracted to perform services in 2018\u20132021 for Achaogen, Inc., Affinity Biosensors, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Allecra Therapeutics, Allergan, Amicrobe Advanced Biomaterials, Inc., American Proficiency Institute, AmpliPhi Biosciences Corp., Amplyx Pharma, Antabio, Arietis Corp., Arixa Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Artugen Therapeutics USA, Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Athelas, Becton, Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd., Bayer AG, Becton, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, BIDMC, bioMerieux, Inc., bioMerieux SA, BioVersys Ag, Boston Pharmaceuticals, Bugworks Research Inc., CEM-102 Pharmaceuticals, Cepheid, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., Cipla, Contrafect, Cormedix Inc., Crestone, Inc., Curza, CXC7, DePuy Synthes, Destiny Pharma, Dickinson and Company, Discuva Ltd., Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, Emery Pharma, Entasis Therapeutics, Eurofarma Laboratorios SA, Fedora Pharmaceutical, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fimbrion Therapeutics, US Food and Drug Administration, Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Gateway Pharmaceutical LLC, GenePOC Inc., Geom Therapeutics, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, Guardian Therapeutics, Hardy Diagnostics, Harvard University, Helperby, HiMedia Laboratories, ICON plc, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., IHMA, Iterum Therapeutics plc, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Kaleido Biosciences, KBP Biosciences, Laboratory Specialists, Inc., Luminex, Matrivax, Mayo Clinic, Medpace, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Melinta Therapeutics, Inc., Menarini, Merck & Co., Inc., Meridian Bioscience Inc., Micromyx, Microchem Laboratory, MicuRx Pharmaceutics, Inc., Mutabilis Co., N8 Medical, Nabriva Therapeutics plc, National Institutes of Health, NAEJA-RGM, National University of Singapore, North Bristol NHS Trust, Novartis AG, Novome Biotechnologies, Oxoid Ltd., Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC, Polyphor Ltd., Prokaryotics Inc., QPEX Biopharma, Inc., Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rhode Island Hospital, RIHML, Roche, Roivant Sciences, Ltd., Safeguard Biosystems, Salvat, Scynexis, Inc., SeLux Diagnostics, Inc., Shionogi and Co., Ltd., SinSa Labs, Specific Diagnostics, Spero Therapeutics, Summit Pharmaceuticals International Corp., SuperTrans Medical LT, Synlogic, T2 Biosystems, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., TenNor Therapeutics Ltd., Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, The Medicines Company, The University of Queensland, Theravance Biopharma, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tufts Medical Center, Universite de Sherbrooke, University of Colorado, University of Southern California-San Diego, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of Wisconsin, UNT System College of Pharmacy, URMC, UT Southwestern, VenatoRx, Viosera Therapeutics, Vyome Therapeutics Inc., Wayne State University, Wockhardt, Yukon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Zai Lab, and Zavante Therapeutics, Inc. There are no speakers\u2019 bureaus or stock options to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval."}},{"value":"Not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}