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All isolates were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq, followed by MinION sequencing of selected organisms. Genomes were subjected to bioinformatic analysis, addressing taxonomy, clonality, phylogeny and structural characterisation of key resistance determinants within their chromosomal and plasmidic loci.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among five species identified, <jats:italic>K. oxytoca<\/jats:italic> was predominant (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200992), followed by <jats:italic>Klebsiella michiganensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911). MLST distinguished 18 STs, with the most prevalent <jats:italic>Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic> ST145 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200983). The clone segregated a lineage with the In237-like integron [<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>VIM-1<\/jats:sub>\u2013<jats:italic>aacA4<\/jats:italic> genes; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200978], recorded in 28 cities almost all over the country. The integron was located in a\u2009~\u200949\u201350\u00a0kb chromosomal mosaic region with multiple other resistance genes, linked to a\u2009~\u200951\u00a0kb phage-like element. The organism might have originated from Greece, and its evolution in Poland included several events of chromosomal\u2009~\u200954\u2013258\u00a0kb deletions, comprising the natural \u03b2-lactamase <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXY<\/jats:sub> gene. A group of other isolates of various species and clones (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912) carried the integron In916 on self-transmissible IncA-type plasmids, effectively spreading in Italy, France and Poland.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>KoSC has been one of the major VIM producers in Poland, owing largely to clonal expansion of the specific <jats:italic>K. oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\u2013In237-like lineage. Its apparently enhanced epidemic potential may create a danger on international scale.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04682-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T16:01:38Z","timestamp":1697731298000},"page":"1449-1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Country-wide expansion of a VIM-1 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella oxytoca ST145 lineage in Poland, 2009\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9590-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Biedrzycka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"\u017babicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Hryniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Gniadkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1195-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Izdebski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4682_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2014.46.3.149","volume":"46","author":"CS Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee CS, Doi Y (2014) Therapy of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. 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The study was performed in a retrospective manner with an anonymisation of patients\u2019 data; thus, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}