{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:35:47Z","timestamp":1781649347725,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. LYY22H310016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. LYY22H310016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-neurosurgical intracranial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) is a life-threatening complication. This study aimed to assess the current practices and clinical outcomes of intravenous (IV) combined with intraventricular (IVT)\/intrathecal (ITH) polymyxin B in treating CRGNB intracranial infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted on patients with post-neurosurgical intracranial infection due to CRGNB from January 2013 to December 2020. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected and described. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study included 114 patients, of which 72 received systemic antimicrobial therapy combined with IVT\/ITH polymyxin B, and 42 received IV administration alone. Most infections were caused by carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> (CRAB, 63.2%), followed by carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (CRKP, 31.6%). Compared with the IV group, the IVT\/ITH group had a higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sterilization rate in 7 days (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lower 30-day mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032). In the IVT\/ITH group, patients with CRKP infection had a higher initial fever (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014), higher incidence of bloodstream infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040), lower CSF sterilization in 7 days (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and higher 30-day mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) than those with CRAB infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the duration of IVT\/ITH polymyxin B (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021) was independently associated with 30-day mortality.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Intravenous combined with IVT\/ITH polymyxin B increased CSF microbiological eradication and improved clinical outcomes. CRKP intracranial infections may lead to more difficult treatment and thus warrant attention and further optimized treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04794-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1709658106000},"page":"875-884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intraventricular or intrathecal polymyxin B for treatment of post-neurosurgical intracranial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a 8-year retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Yangmin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gensheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjian","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1866544","volume":"19","author":"R Hasbun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasbun R (2021) Healthcare-associated ventriculitis: current and emerging diagnostic and treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 19(8):993\u2013999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14787210.2021.1866544","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"4794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karvouniaris M, Brotis A, Tsiakos K, Palli E, Koulenti D (2022) Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis. Infect Drug Resist 15697\u201315721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/idr.s326456","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s326456"},{"issue":"4","key":"4794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.jtn.20575-17.1","volume":"28","author":"B Kurtaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kurtaran B, Kuscu F, Ulu A et al (2018) The causes of postoperative meningitis: the comparison of Gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Turk Neurosurg 28(4):589\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5137\/1019-5149.jtn.20575-17.1","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4794_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14030045","volume":"14","author":"H Panic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panic H, Gjurasin B, Santini M, Kutlesa M, Papic N (2022) Etiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis-a single center cohort study. Infect Dis Rep 14(3):420\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr14030045","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1508-102","volume":"47","author":"OR Sipahi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sipahi OR, Nazli Zeka A, Ta\u015fbakan M et al (2017) Pooled analysis of 899 nosocomial meningitis episodes from Turkey. Turk J Med Sci 47(1):29\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-1508-102","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(18)30099-9","volume":"18","author":"M Paul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul M, Daikos GL, Durante-Mangoni E et al (2018) Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 18(4):391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(18)30099-9","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1","volume":"40","author":"K Tompkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tompkins K, van Duin D (2021) Treatment for carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales infections: recent advances and future directions. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 40(10):2053\u20132068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20\u201321","key":"4794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2018.0345","volume":"115","author":"M Fritzenwanker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fritzenwanker M, Imirzalioglu C, Herold S, Wagenlehner FM, Zimmer KP, Chakraborty T (2018) Treatment options for carbapenem- resistant gram-negative infections. Dtsch Arztebl Int 115(20\u201321):345\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2018.0345","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"4794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.015","volume":"24","author":"L Papst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papst L, Beovi\u0107 B, Pulcini C et al (2018) Antibiotic treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: an international ESCMID cross-sectional survey among infectious diseases specialists practicing in large hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 24(10):1070\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"4794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.014","volume":"25","author":"ET Piperaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piperaki ET, Tzouvelekis LS, Miriagou V, Daikos GL (2019) Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: in pursuit of an effective treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 25(8):951\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"4794_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nau R, Blei C, Eiffert H (2020) Intrathecal antibacterial and antifungal therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 33(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00190-19","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00190-19"},{"issue":"4","key":"4794_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(09)70055-6","volume":"9","author":"BN Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim BN, Peleg AY, Lodise TP et al (2009) Management of meningitis due to antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter species. Lancet Infect Dis 9(4):245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(09)70055-6","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4794_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.138","volume":"120e","author":"M Karvouniaris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karvouniaris M, Brotis AG, Tsiamalou P, Fountas KN (2018) The role of intraventricular antibiotics in the treatment of nosocomial ventriculitis\/meningitis from gram-negative pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 120e:637-e650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.138","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4794_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000783","volume":"34","author":"AJ Heffernan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heffernan AJ, Roberts JA (2021) Dose optimisation of antibiotics used for meningitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 34(6):581\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qco.0000000000000783","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw861","volume":"64","author":"AR Tunkel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tunkel AR, Hasbun R, Bhimraj A et al (2017) 2017 infectious diseases society of America\u2019s clinical practice guidelines for healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 64(6):e34\u2013e65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw861","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.006","volume":"41","author":"I Karaiskos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karaiskos I, Galani L, Baziaka F, Giamarellou H (2013) Intraventricular and intrathecal colistin as the last therapeutic resort for the treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventriculitis and meningitis: a literature review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41(6):499\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.006","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12789","volume":"23","author":"P De Bonis","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Bonis P, Lofrese G, Scoppettuolo G et al (2016) Intraventricular versus intravenous colistin for the treatment of extensively drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Eur J Neurol 23(1):68\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12789","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"4794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan SA, Waqas M, Siddiqui UT et al (2017) Intrathecal and intraventricular antibiotics for postoperative Gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis. Surg Neurol Int 8226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sni.sni_81_17","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_81_17"},{"key":"4794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan S, Huang X, Wang Y et al (2018) Efficacy of intravenous plus intrathecal\/intracerebral ventricle injection of polymyxin B for post-neurosurgical intracranial infections due to MDR\/XDR Acinectobacter baumannii: a retrospective cohort study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-018-0305-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0305-5"},{"key":"4794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Velkov T, Dai C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Hoyer D, Li J (2018) Polymyxins for CNS infections: Pharmacology and neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Ther 18185\u201318190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.07.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.07.012"},{"issue":"3","key":"4794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0647-0","volume":"30","author":"JJ Lewin III","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewin JJ III, Cook AM, Gonzales C et al (2019) Current practices of Intraventricular antibiotic therapy in the treatment of meningitis and ventriculitis: results from a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Neurocrit Care 30(3):609\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-018-0647-0","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"4794_CR22","volume-title":"M100","author":"CLSI","year":"2021","unstructured":"CLSI (2021) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. M100, 31st edn. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA","edition":"31"},{"issue":"12","key":"4794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad100","volume":"76","author":"M Falcone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Falcone M, Tiseo G, Carbonara S et al (2023) Mortality attributable to Bloodstream infections caused by different carbapenem-resistant gram-negative Bacilli: results from a nationwide study in Italy (ALARICO Network). Clin Infect Dis 76(12):2059\u20132069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad100","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0025322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00253-22","volume":"10","author":"Y Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye Y, Kong Y, Ma J, Shi G (2022) Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria-related healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis: antimicrobial resistance of the pathogens, treatment, and outcome. Microbiol Spectr 10(3):e0025322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00253-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2018.286","volume":"20","author":"W Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang W, Yuan-Run Z, Min Y (2019) Clinical presentations and outcomes of post-operative central nervous system infection caused by Multi-Drug-Resistant\/Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a retrospective study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 20(6):460\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2018.286","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4794_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000608","volume":"32","author":"AJ Brink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brink AJ (2019) Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections globally. Curr Opin Infect Dis 32(6):609\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qco.0000000000000608","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.07.023","volume":"26","author":"Z Guanghui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guanghui Z, Jing L, Guojun Z, Hong L (2020) Epidemiology and risk factors of neurosurgical bacterial meningitis\/encephalitis induced by carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Infect Chemother 26(1):101\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.07.023","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"4794_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2021.024","volume":"22","author":"F Kizilates","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kizilates F, Keskin AS, Onder KD (2021) Clinical features of post-operative nosocomial meningitis in adults and evaluation of efficiency of Intrathecal Treatment. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 22(10):1059\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2021.024","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"4794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu D, Niu J, Chen G, Xu L (2022) Treatment of carbapenem-resistant multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli with intracerebroventricular injection of polymyxin B: a retrospective study. Infect Drug Resist 157653\u2013157666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/idr.s392818","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s392818"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-02106-0","volume":"46","author":"Z Yue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yue Z, Zhi X, Bi L, Zhao L, Ji J (2023) Treatment and prognostic risk factors for intracranial infection after craniocerebral surgery. Neurosurg Rev 46(1):199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-023-02106-0","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR31","first-page":"130","volume":"29","author":"C Iaria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iaria C, Giammalva GR, Spicola D et al (2021) Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative post-neurosurgical meningitis and the role of intraventricular colistin: a case series. Infez Med 29(1):130\u2013137","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"4794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang M, Ge L, Chen L et al (2023) Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii among patients from different global regions. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad556","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad556"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2209","volume":"39","author":"BT Tsuji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsuji BT, Pogue JM, Zavascki AP et al (2019) International Consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins: endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for anti-infective pharmacology (ISAP), society of critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious diseases pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy 39(1):10\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.2209","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4794_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01461-12","volume":"57","author":"M Ziaka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ziaka M, Markantonis SL, Fousteri M et al (2013) Combined intravenous and intraventricular administration of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients with central nervous system infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57(4):1938\u20131940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01461-12","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000418","volume":"31","author":"R Nau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nau R, Seele J, Djukic M, Eiffert H (2018) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 31(1):57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qco.0000000000000418","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"4794_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0106521","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01065-21","volume":"65","author":"A Olsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olsson A, Hong M, Al-Farsi H, Giske CG, Lagerb\u00e4ck P, T\u00e4ngd\u00e9n T (2021) Interactions of polymyxin B in combination with aztreonam, minocycline, meropenem, and rifampin against escherichia coli producing NDM and OXA-48-group carbapenemases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 65(12):e0106521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01065-21","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4794_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diep JK, Jacobs DM, Sharma R et al (2017) Polymyxin B in combination with rifampin and meropenem against polymyxin B-resistant KPC-producing klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02121-16","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02121-16"},{"issue":"4","key":"4794_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2184346","volume":"21","author":"A Ardebili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ardebili A, Izanloo A, Rastegar M (2023) Polymyxin combination therapy for multidrug-resistant, extensively-drug resistant, and difficult-to-treat drug-resistant gram-negative infections: is it superior to polymyxin monotherapy? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 21(4):387\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14787210.2023.2184346","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"4794_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdelsalam MFA, Abdalla MS, El-Abhar HSE (2018) Prospective, comparative clinical study between high-dose colistin monotherapy and colistin-meropenem combination therapy for treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 15127\u201315135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.07.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"4794_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000721","volume":"34","author":"F Ciummo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciummo F, Srinivas P, Biedny J (2021) Antimicrobial use in central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 34(3):255\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qco.0000000000000721","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4794_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03019.x","volume":"16","author":"T Khawcharoenporn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM (2010) Intrathecal colistin for drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infection: a case series and systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 16(7):888\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03019.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"4794_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.01.002","volume":"49","author":"A Tsimogianni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsimogianni A, Alexandropoulos P, Chantziara V et al (2017) Intrathecal or intraventricular administration of colistin, Vancomycin and amikacin for central nervous system infections in neurosurgical patients in an intensive care unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents 49(3):389\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.01.002","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"4794_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li H, Yu W, Wang G, Cai H (2022) Outcome of using intraventricular plus intravenous polymyxin B in post-neurosurgical patients with multi\/extensively drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria-induced intracranial infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 9913364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.913364","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.913364"},{"issue":"1","key":"4794_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01226-w","volume":"44","author":"AG Brotis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brotis AG, Churis I, Karvouniaris M (2021) Local complications of adjunct intrathecal antibiotics for nosocomial meningitis associated with gram-negative pathogens: a meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 44(1):139\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01226-w","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04794-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04794-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04794-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T09:07:44Z","timestamp":1716282464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04794-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04794-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved with waived of informed consent by the Ethics Committee of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University (No. 2023\u2009\u2212\u20090193). As this was a noninterventional, retrospective study with data management processed anonymously, informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}