{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:19:10Z","timestamp":1792811950873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003483","name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We examined whether the time to positivity (TTP) and growth and detection plot graph (GDPG) created by the automated blood culture system can be used to determine the bacterial load in bacteremic patients and its potential association correlation with disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Known bacterial inocula were injected into the blood culture bottles. The GDPGs for the specific inocula were downloaded and plotted. A cohort of 30 consecutive clinical cultures positive for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was identified. Bacterial load was determined by comparing the GDPG with the \u201cstandard\u201d curves. Variables associated with disease severity were compared across 3 bacterial load categories (&lt;\u2009100, 100\u20131000, &gt;\u20091000 CFU\/mL).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> growth was sensitive to the blood volume obtained whereas <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> growth was less so. A 12-hour delay in sample transfer to the microbiology laboratory resulted in a decrease in TTP by 2\u20133\u00a0h. Mean TTP was 15 and 10\u00a0h for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, respectively, which correlates with &gt;\u20091000 CFU\/mL and 500\u20131000 CFU\/ml. For <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, patients with a bacterial load\u2009&gt;\u2009100 CFU\/mL had a higher mortality rate, (OR for death\u2009=\u20099.7, 95% CI 1.6\u201359, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Bacterial load\u2009&gt;\u20091000 CFU\/mL had an odds ratio of 6.4 (95% CI1.2-35, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) to predict an endovascular source. For <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> bacteremia, we did not find any correlations with disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>GDPG retrieved from the automated blood culture system can be used to estimate bacterial load. <jats:italic>S.aureus<\/jats:italic> bacterial load, but not <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>, was associated with clinical outcome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04893-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T14:03:08Z","timestamp":1722261788000},"page":"1931-1938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimating bacterial load in S. aureus and E. coli bacteremia using bacterial growth graph from the continuous monitoring blood culture system"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Leehe","family":"Turkeltaub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livnat","family":"Kashat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc V.","family":"Assous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maskit","family":"Bar-Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328343b70d","volume":"24","author":"G Waterer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waterer G, Rello J (2011) Why should we measure bacterial load when treating community-acquired pneumonia? Curr Opin Infect Dis 24(2):137\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328343b70d","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1086\/596707","volume":"48","author":"T Darton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Darton T, Guiver M, Naylor S et al (2009) Severity of meningococcal disease associated with genomic bacterial load. Clin Infect Dis 48(5):587\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/596707","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1086\/432472","volume":"41","author":"R Khatib","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khatib R, Riederer K, Saeed S et al (2005) Time to positivity in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: possible correlation with the source and outcome of infection. Clin Infect Dis 41(5):594\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/432472","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"4893_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.11.007","volume":"27","author":"F Kahn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kahn F, Resman F, Bergmark S et al (2021) Time to blood culture positivity in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia to determine risk of infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 27(9):1345 e7-1345 e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.11.007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01197-08","volume":"47","author":"YC Ho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ho YC, Chang SC, Lin SR, Wang WK (2009) High levels of mecA DNA detected by a quantitative real-time PCR assay are associated with mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 47(5):1443\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01197-08","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4893_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2963-2","volume":"36","author":"AJM Loonen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loonen AJM, Kesarsing C, Kusters R, Hilbink M, Wever PC, van den Brule AJC (2017) High pneumococcal DNA load, procalcitonin and suPAR levels correlate to severe disease development in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36(9):1541\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-017-2963-2","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103","volume":"3","author":"J Monod","year":"1949","unstructured":"Monod J (1949) The growth of bacterial cultures. Annu Rev Microbiol 3(1):371\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4893_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suzuki H, Perencevich EN, Nair R, Livorsi DJ, Goto M (2020) Excess length of Acute Inpatient stay attributable to Acquisition of Hospital-Onset Gram-negative bloodstream infection with and without Antibiotic Resistance: a Multistate Model Analysis. Antibiot (Basel) 9(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9020096","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020096"},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz257","volume":"70","author":"E Minejima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minejima E, Mai N, Bui N et al (2020) Defining the breakpoint duration of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Predictive of poor outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 70(4):566\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz257","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.3.552-557.1993","volume":"31","author":"FS Nolte","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nolte FS, Williams JM, Jerris RC et al (1993) Multicenter clinical evaluation of a continuous monitoring blood culture system using fluorescent-sensor technology (BACTEC 9240). J Clin Microbiol 31(3):552\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.31.3.552-557.1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4893_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz198","volume":"70","author":"R Khare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khare R, Kothari T, Castagnaro J, Hemmings B, Tso M, Juretschko S (2020) Active monitoring and feedback to improve Blood Culture fill volumes and Positivity across a Large Integrated Health System. Clin Infect Dis 70(2):262\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz198","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Henning C, Ayg\u00fcl N, Dinn\u00e9tz P, Wallgren K, \u00d6zenci V, Carroll KC (2019) Detailed analysis of the characteristics of sample volume in blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol 57(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00268-19","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00268-19"},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.01.001","volume":"44","author":"R Nau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nau R, Eiffert H (2005) Minimizing the release of proinflammatory and toxic bacterial products within the host: a promising approach to improve outcome in life-threatening infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 44(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.01.001","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit129","volume":"208","author":"BA Diep","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diep BA, Afasizheva A, Le HN et al (2013) Effects of linezolid on suppressing in vivo production of staphylococcal toxins and improving survival outcomes in a rabbit model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia. J Infect Dis 208(1):75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jit129","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107421","volume":"93","author":"A Khosrojerdi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khosrojerdi A, Soudi S, Zavaran Hosseini A, Ghaffari Khaligh S, Hashemi SM (2021) Imipenem alters systemic and liver inflammatory responses in CLP- induced sepsis mice in a dose-dependent manner. Int Immunopharmacol 93:107421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107421","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04893-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04893-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04893-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T13:11:34Z","timestamp":1726751494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04893-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04893-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is an observational study. The SZMC Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}