{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1790022401753,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005389","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Predicting infection risk in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) colonized patients may help in improving timely appropriate antibiotic therapy. This study aims to explore risk factors for developing infections in hospitalized patients with previous CRAB colonization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed an observational retrospective cohort study at ASST Sette Laghi-Varese Hospital between January 2020 and December 2022. All consecutive adult (&gt;\u200918 years old) hospitalized patients with documented colonization by CRAB at any anatomical site or with CRAB infections preceded by CRAB colonization were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate infection risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 144 patients were included in the study: 104 colonized only and 40 infected patients. Colonization and infection rates significantly changed over the years (2020\u20132022, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The incidence of infections in CRAB carriers was 27.8% (40\/144). Median time from colonization to infection was 4 days (IQR 1-8.5). Overall, inhospital mortality was 32.7% and 55.0% in colonized only and infected patients, respectively. At the multivariable logistic regression cardiovascular disease (OR 5.83, 95% CI 1.12\u201330.43, p\u2009=\u20090.037), COVID-19 (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.16\u201311.91, p\u2009=\u20090.027) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 8.83, 95% CI 2.94\u201326.51, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were risk factors independently associated with cardiovascular disease CRAB infection after colonization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed an increased infection risk in patients colonized with CRAB with cardiovascular disease, COVID-19 and admitted in ICU setting. Additional evidence is needed to identify predictors of infection in colonized patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04936-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T12:02:33Z","timestamp":1726488153000},"page":"2191-2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Risk factors for infection after carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Peghin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Givone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"de Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja Waqar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Antonio","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4936_CR1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240093461"},{"key":"4936_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccabella L, Palma EG, Abenavoli L, Scarlata GGM, Boni M, Ianiro G et al (2024) Post-coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiot (Basel). 13(3)","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13030233"},{"issue":"1","key":"4936_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01643-4","volume":"50","author":"A Russo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russo A, Gavaruzzi F, Ceccarelli G, Borrazzo C, Oliva A, Alessandri F et al (2022) Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit. Infection 50(1):83\u201392","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"11","key":"4936_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab531","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab531","volume":"8","author":"RM Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith RM, Lautenbach E, Omulo S, Araos R, Call DR, Kumar GCP et al (2021) Human colonization with Multidrug-resistant organisms: getting to the bottom of Antibiotic Resistance. Open Forum Infect Dis 8(11):ofab531","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4936_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00811-8","volume":"23","author":"RPJ Willems","year":"2023","unstructured":"Willems RPJ, van Dijk K, Vehreschild M, Biehl LM, Ket JCF, Remmelzwaal S et al (2023) Incidence of infection with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in carriers: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 23(6):719\u2013731","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4936_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlad096","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad096","volume":"5","author":"F Cogliati Dezza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cogliati Dezza F, Covino S, Petrucci F, Sacco F, Viscido A, Gavaruzzi F et al (2023) Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) bloodstream infections and related mortality in critically ill patients with CRAB colonization. JAC Antimicrob Resist 5(4):dlad096","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"9","key":"4936_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e035893","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035893","volume":"10","author":"F Qiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiao F, Huang W, Gao S, Cai L, Zhu S, Wei L et al (2020) Risk factor for intestinal carriage of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and the impact on subsequent infection among patients in an intensive care unit: an observational study. BMJ Open 10(9):e035893","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"4936_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad556","volume":"78","author":"M Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang M, Ge L, Chen L, Komarow L, Hanson B, Reyes J et al (2024) Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii among patients from different global regions. Clin Infect Dis 78(2):248\u2013258","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4936_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.009","volume":"106","author":"S Karakonstantis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karakonstantis S, Gikas A, Astrinaki E, Kritsotakis EI (2020) Excess mortality due to pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Infect 106(3):447\u2013453","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"4936_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn289","volume":"62","author":"E Tacconelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, De Pascale G, Manno D, Spanu T, Cambieri A et al (2008) Prediction models to identify hospitalized patients at risk of being colonized or infected with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii calcoaceticus complex. J Antimicrob Chemother 62(5):1130\u20131137","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4936_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107190","volume":"64","author":"A Russo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Russo A, Gulli SP, D\u2019Avino A, Borrazzo C, Carannante N, Dezza FC et al (2024) Intravenous fosfomycin for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multi-centre clinical experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents 64(1):107190","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"4936_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00990-z","volume":"10","author":"M Meschiari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meschiari M, Lopez-Lozano JM, Di Pilato V, Gimenez-Esparza C, Vecchi E, Bacca E et al (2021) A five-component infection control bundle to permanently eliminate a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii spreading in an intensive care unit. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 10(1):123","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"4936_CR13","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/PDFs\/pscManual\/17pscNosInfDef_current.pdf CCNSDfSToI"},{"issue":"3","key":"4936_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG et al (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(3):268\u2013281","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"4936_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987) A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 40(5):373\u2013383","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4936_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005357","volume":"49","author":"L Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C et al (2021) Executive Summary: surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for the management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. Crit Care Med 49(11):1974\u20131982","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"4936_CR17","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/Breakpoint_tables\/v_14.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf"},{"issue":"14","key":"4936_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6100","volume":"33","author":"G Nattino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nattino G, Finazzi S, Bertolini G (2014) A new calibration test and a reappraisal of the calibration belt for the assessment of prediction models based on dichotomous outcomes. Stat Med 33(14):2390\u20132407","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4936_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlac130","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac130","volume":"5","author":"LS Witt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Witt LS, Howard-Anderson JR, Jacob JT, Gottlieb LB (2023) The impact of COVID-19 on multidrug-resistant organisms causing healthcare-associated infections: a narrative review. JAC Antimicrob Resist 5(1):dlac130","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"4936_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06496-8","volume":"21","author":"R Pascale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pascale R, Corcione S, Bussini L, Pancaldi L, Giacobbe DR, Ambretti S et al (2021) Non-fermentative gram-negative bloodstream infection in northern Italy: a multicenter cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 21(1):806","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4936_CR21","first-page":"204993612210957","volume":"9","author":"M Peghin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peghin M, Vena A, Graziano E, Giacobbe DR, Tascini C, Bassetti M (2022) Improving management and antimicrobial stewardship for bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Ther Adv Infect Dis 9:20499361221095732","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4936_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12427","volume":"20","author":"E Tacconelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Dancer SJ, De Angelis G, Falcone M, Frank U et al (2014) ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 20(Suppl 1):1\u201355","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"4936_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13920","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13920","volume":"24","author":"MP Freire","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freire MP, Rinaldi M, Terrabuio DRB, Furtado M, Pasquini Z, Bartoletti M et al (2022) Prediction models for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales carriage at liver transplantation: a multicenter retrospective study. Transpl Infect Dis 24(6):e13920","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4936_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu847","volume":"60","author":"R Latibeaudiere","year":"2015","unstructured":"Latibeaudiere R, Rosa R, Laowansiri P, Arheart K, Namias N, Munoz-Price LS (2015) Surveillance cultures growing carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii predict the development of clinical infections: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 60(3):415\u2013422","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10431","key":"4936_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02877-5","volume":"403","author":"M Goldman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldman M, Bondue A, Cogan E (2024) Inflammation, infection, and cardiovascular risk. Lancet 403(10431):1023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4936_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1251840","volume":"15","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Carnelutti A, Peghin M (2017) Patient specific risk stratification for antimicrobial resistance and possible treatment strategies in gram-negative bacterial infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 15(1):55\u201365","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"4936_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudet A, Kreitmann L, Nseir S (2023) ICU-Acquired colonization and infection related to Multidrug-resistant Bacteria in COVID-19 patients: a narrative review. Antibiot (Basel). ;12(9)","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091464"},{"issue":"7","key":"4936_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07109-5","volume":"49","author":"L Kreitmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kreitmann L, Jermoumi S, Vasseur M, Chabani M, Nourry E, Richard JC et al (2023) Relationship between COVID-19 and ICU-acquired colonization and infection related to multidrug-resistant bacteria: a prospective multicenter before-after study. Intensive Care Med 49(7):796\u2013807","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4936_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02441-14","volume":"58","author":"T Chopra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chopra T, Marchaim D, Johnson PC, Awali RA, Doshi H, Chalana I et al (2014) Risk factors and outcomes for patients with bloodstream infection due to Acinetobacter baumannii-Calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58(8):4630\u20134635","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4936_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anggraini D, Santosaningsih D, Endraswari PD, Jasmin N, Siregar FM, Hadi U et al (2022) Multicenter Study of the risk factors and outcomes of Bloodstream infections caused by Carbapenem-Non-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii in Indonesia. Trop Med Infect Dis. 7(8)","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080161"},{"issue":"3","key":"4936_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2016.48.3.174","volume":"48","author":"H Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee H, Lee H (2016) Clinical and economic evaluation of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization in the Intensive Care Unit. Infect Chemother 48(3):174\u2013180","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4936_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.05.017","volume":"79","author":"A Russo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russo A, Bassetti M, Ceccarelli G, Carannante N, Losito AR, Bartoletti M et al (2019) Bloodstream infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: clinical features, therapy and outcome from a multicenter study. J Infect 79(2):130\u2013138","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"4936_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofad329","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad329","volume":"10","author":"M Giannella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giannella M, Verardi S, Karas A, Abdel Hadi H, Dupont H, Soriano A et al (2023) Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter spp infection in critically ill patients with Limited Treatment options: a descriptive study of Cefiderocol Therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis 10(7):ofad329","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4936_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30477-1","volume":"21","author":"SS Kadri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadri SS, Lai YL, Warner S, Strich JR, Babiker A, Ricotta EE et al (2021) Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for bloodstream infections based on discordant in-vitro susceptibilities: a retrospective cohort analysis of prevalence, predictors, and mortality risk in US hospitals. Lancet Infect Dis 21(2):241\u2013251","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04936-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04936-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04936-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T09:04:47Z","timestamp":1730711087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04936-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["4936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04936-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}