{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:11:26Z","timestamp":1792069886309,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Evelin Tiralongo"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RVVC) is a problematic clinical condition for which fluconazole treatment is commonly prescribed. This study investigated the interkingdom vaginal and gastrointestinal microbiomes of RVVC patients who use fluconazole intermittently or as longer-term maintenance therapy for symptom management and compared them to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Vaginal swabs and fecal samples were collected. A novel interkingdom analysis was performed using 16\u00a0S rRNA and ITS1 gene sequencing to compare the diversity and taxonomic composition of vaginal microbiome (VMB) and gastrointestinal microbiome (GIMB).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twenty-seven women participated: 10 intermittent users and healthy controls and 7 maintenance therapy. The study revealed that microbiomes of fluconazole users do not differ in diversity metrics from healthy controls. RVVC patients using intermittent fluconazole displayed a higher abundance of vaginal <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> than healthy controls. <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species pairings were not commonly observed between sites in individuals and, as such a fecal reservoir is unlikely to be implicated in recurrent symptomatology. In many of the RVVC non-<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> fungal spp. were identified in the vaginal microbiome. Users of fluconazole displayed elevations of the CST-I (Community State Type 1) associated bacterium <jats:italic>L. crispatus.<\/jats:italic> All participants displaying vaginal <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. belonged to either bacterial CST-I or CST-III (Community State Type 3- <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic> associated).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the interkingdom VMB-GIMB of women with RVVC using oral fluconazole. As fluconazole users in this study represent a typical RVVC population, trends observed in microbial abundance require further analysis to establish fluconazole\u2019s long-term microbiome safety. Examining the microbiome at both sites adds to the current understanding of microbial associated with the condition.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04999-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T02:35:00Z","timestamp":1732588500000},"page":"285-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The impact of fluconazole use on the fungal and bacterial microbiomes in recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RVVC): a pilot study of vaginal and gastrointestinal site interplay"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5116-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moira","family":"Bradfield Strydom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffanie M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0477-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6739-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh L.","family":"Walpola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelin","family":"Tiralongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4999_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000496","volume":"24","author":"LM Collins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collins LM, Moore R, Sobel JD (2020) Prognosis and long-term outcome of women with idiopathic recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. 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