{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T04:03:56Z","timestamp":1746763436549,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001793","name":"Queensland University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Time to Positivity (TTP) measures the interval from incubation to bacterial growth detection in blood cultures. Although shorter TTP is associated with higher mortality, factors associated with TTP remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted among Queensland residents with positive blood cultures between 2000\u20132019. Incident bloodstream infections (BSIs) were identified using Pathology Queensland data, with demographic, clinical, and outcome data linked to state-wide databases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study analysed 84,341 patients with monomicrobial BSI with a median patient age of 65.6 years (IQR 45.4\u201378.1), and most infections being community-associated (77.0%). Age showed a non-linear relationship with TTP, and male sex was linked with slightly higher TTP (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 1.01; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.00\u20131.02; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011), reflecting a small but measurable association. Liver disease and malignancy were associated with lower TTP (IRR 0.93; 95% CI 0.91\u20130.95; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 and IRR 0.95; 95% CI 0.94\u20130.97; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 respectively), whilst diabetes showed no significant difference (IRR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00\u20131.02; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0840). Hospital onset infections exhibited longer TTPs (IRR 1.09; 95% CI 1.08\u20131.10; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There are several host characteristics associated with TTP that may in part explain the complex relationship between this variable and mortality. Beyond microbiological factors such as isolate type, TTP is also influenced by clinical variables including patient demographics and infection characteristics highlighting its potential as a prognostic marker. Further evaluation is needed to clarify its role in predicting patient outcomes and guiding tailored treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05096-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T10:41:41Z","timestamp":1741430501000},"page":"1197-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of time to positivity in bloodstream infections: an analysis of a population-based cohort in Queensland, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9896-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicity","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin B.","family":"Laupland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07098-8","volume":"22","author":"YC Hsieh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsieh YC, Chen HL, Lin SY, Chen TC, Lu PL (2022) Short time to positivity of blood culture predicts mortality and septic shock in bacteremic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 22(1):142","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5096_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.043","volume":"28","author":"F Hamilton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamilton F, Evans R, Ghazal P, MacGowan A (2022) Time to positivity in bloodstream infection is not a prognostic marker for mortality: analysis of a prospective multicentre randomized control trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 28(1):136.e7-136.e13","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2021-0004","volume":"17","author":"D Church","year":"2022","unstructured":"Church D, Somayaji R, Viczko J, Gregson D, Naugler C (2022) A longitudinal population-based study of predictors of mortality from bloodstream infections in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Future Microbiol 17:17\u201325","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5096_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.12.001","volume":"25","author":"B Lamy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamy B (2019) Blood culture time-to-positivity: making use of the hidden information. Clin Microbiol Infect 25(3):268\u2013271","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"5096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2016.10.003","volume":"35","author":"G Mart\u00edn-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Guti\u00e9rrez G, Mart\u00edn-P\u00e9rez C, Guti\u00e9rrez-Pizarraya A, Lepe JA, Cisneros JM, Aznar J (2017) Time to positivity of blood cultures in patients with bloodstream infections: a useful prognostic tool. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 35(10):638\u2013644","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"5096_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01736.x","volume":"13","author":"JA Mart\u00ednez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez JA, Pozo L, Almela M, Marco F, Soriano A, L\u00f3pez F et al (2007) Microbial and clinical determinants of time-to-positivity in patients with bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 13(7):709\u2013716","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"5096_CR7","first-page":"899","volume":"30","author":"KB Laupland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laupland KB, Edwards F, Dettrick Z, Harris PNA (2024) Time to positivity is a risk factor for death among patients with bloodstream infections: a population-based cohort. Clin Microbiol Infect 30(7):899\u2013904","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"5096_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1086\/653207","volume":"31","author":"J Leal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leal J, Gregson DB, Ross T, Flemons WW, Church DL, Laupland KB (2010) Development of a novel electronic surveillance system for monitoring of bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31(7):740\u2013747","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.05.003","volume":"136","author":"KB Laupland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laupland KB, Edwards F, Furuya-Kanamori L, Paterson DL, Harris PNA (2023) Bloodstream infection and colorectal cancer risk in Queensland Australia, 2000\u20132019. Am J Med 136(9):896\u2013901","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","volume":"43","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi JC et al (2005) Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care 43(11):1130\u20131139","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"5096_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/011542650802300176","volume":"23","author":"BR Overholser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Overholser BR, Sowinski KM (2008) Biostatistics primer: part 2. Nutr Clin Pract 23(1):76\u201384","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"5096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040112","volume":"4","author":"J Cuzick","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cuzick J (1985) A Wilcoxon-type test for trend. Stat Med 4(1):87\u201390","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5096_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01460-y","volume":"20","author":"M Akram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akram M, Cerin E, Lamb KE, White SR (2023) Modelling count, bounded and skewed continuous outcomes in physical activity research: beyond linear regression models. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 20(1):57","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"5096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1456-4","volume-title":"The Inverse Guassian Distribution","author":"V Seshadri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Seshadri V (1999) The Inverse Guassian Distribution. Springer, Montreal"},{"issue":"1","key":"5096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000262","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2019-000262","volume":"8","author":"MZI Chowdhury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chowdhury MZI, Turin TC (2020) Variable selection strategies and its importance in clinical prediction modelling. Fam Med Commun Health 8(1):e000262","journal-title":"Fam Med Commun Health"},{"key":"5096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b97636","volume-title":"Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection","author":"KPaA Burnham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burnham KPaA, David R (2004) Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks"},{"key":"5096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1890\/13-1452.1","volume":"95","author":"K Aho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aho K, Derryberry D, Peterson T (2014) Model selection for ecologists: the worldviews of AIC and BIC. Ecology 95:631\u2013636","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5096_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215588569","volume":"26","author":"EH Payne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Payne EH, Hardin JW, Egede LE, Ramakrishnan V, Selassie A, Gebregziabher M (2015) Approaches for dealing with various sources of overdispersion in modeling count data: scale adjustment versus modeling. Stat Methods Med Res 26(4):1802\u20131823","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5096_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0679-x","volume":"55","author":"J Gauthier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gauthier J, Wu Q, Gooley T (2020) Cubic splines to model relationships between continuous variables and outcomes: a guide for clinicians. Bone Marrow Transplant 55(4):675\u2013680","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"5096_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3841","volume":"29","author":"L Desquilbet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Desquilbet L, Mariotti F (2010) Dose-response analyses using restricted cubic spline functions in public health research. Stat Med 29(9):1037\u20131057","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5096_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182436","volume":"12","author":"C Cill\u00f3niz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cill\u00f3niz C, Ceccato A, de la Calle C, Gabarr\u00fas A, Garcia-Vidal C, Almela M et al (2017) Time to blood culture positivity as a predictor of clinical outcomes and severity in adults with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. PLoS ONE 12(8):e0182436","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"5096_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2580-5","volume":"35","author":"Y Ning","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ning Y, Hu R, Yao G, Bo S (2016) Time to positivity of blood culture and its prognostic value in bloodstream infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 35(4):619\u2013624","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"5096_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13714","volume":"12","author":"R Duncan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duncan R, Kefford B (2021) Interactions in statistical models: three things to know. Methods Ecol Evol 12:2287\u201397","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-79","volume":"6","author":"G Peralta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peralta G, Rodr\u00edguez-Lera MJ, Garrido JC, Ansorena L, Roiz MP (2006) Time to positivity in blood cultures of adults with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis 6:79","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.06.026","volume":"30","author":"M Rolo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rolo M, Mart\u00edn-Higuera MC, Viedma E, Villa J, Manche\u00f1o-Losa M, Lora-Tamayo J et al (2022) Clinical impact of time-to-positivity of blood cultures on mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 30:269\u2013275","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"5","key":"5096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.06.012","volume":"67","author":"M Willmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Willmann M, Kuebart I, Vogel W, Flesch I, Markert U, Marschal M et al (2013) Time to positivity as prognostic tool in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection. J Infect 67(5):416\u2013423","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"5096_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.02.005","volume":"91","author":"SY Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen SY, Weng TH, Tseng WP, Fu CM, Lin HW, Liao CH et al (2018) Value of blood culture time to positivity in identifying complicated nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 91(3):210\u2013216","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"5096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02720.x","volume":"15","author":"CH Liao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liao CH, Lai CC, Hsu MS, Huang YT, Chu FY, Hsu HS, Hsueh PR (2009) Correlation between time to positivity of blood cultures with clinical presentation and outcomes in patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia: prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(12):1119\u20131125","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"5096_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1826-8","volume":"32","author":"L Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang L, Zhang YY, Sun LY (2013) Time to positivity of blood culture can predict different Candida species instead of pathogen concentration in candidemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32(7):917\u2013922","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"5096_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000262","volume":"151","author":"W Hou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hou W, Han T, Qu G, Sun Y, Yang D, Lin Y (2023) Is early time to positivity of blood culture associated with clinical prognosis in patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection? Epidemiol Infect 151:e43","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"5096_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.07.015","volume":"25","author":"S Sim\u00e9on","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sim\u00e9on S, Le Moing V, Tubiana S, Duval X, Fournier D, Lavigne JP et al (2019) Time to blood culture positivity: an independent predictor of infective endocarditis and mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 25(4):481\u2013488","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5096_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102474","volume":"73","author":"D Nygren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nygren D, Oldberg K, Holm K (2022) Short blood culture time-to-positivity in Fusobacterium necrophorum bacteremia is associated with Lemierre\u2019s syndrome. Anaerobe 73:102474","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"5096_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537290","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.537290","volume":"11","author":"Z Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo Z, Yue S, Chen T, She P, Wu Y, Wu Y (2020) Reduced growth of staphylococcus aureus under high glucose conditions is associated with decreased pentaglycine expression. Front Microbiol 11:537290","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009487","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009487","volume":"5","author":"RJ Jolley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jolley RJ, Quan H, Jett\u00e9 N, Sawka KJ, Diep L, Goliath J et al (2015) Validation and optimisation of an ICD-10-coded case definition for sepsis using administrative health data. BMJ Open 5(12):e009487","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"30","key":"5096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29693","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029693","volume":"101","author":"PC Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin PC, Chang CL, Chung YH, Chang CC, Chu FY (2022) Revisiting factors associated with blood culture positivity: Critical factors after the introduction of automated continuous monitoring blood culture systems. Medicine (Baltimore) 101(30):e29693","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05096-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05096-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05096-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T12:54:29Z","timestamp":1746708869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05096-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05096-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0934-9723"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-4373"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The human research ethics committee at Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital approved this study and granted a waiver of individual consent (LNR\/2020\/QRBW\/62494).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}