{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T14:22:06Z","timestamp":1794320526154,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2024 outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in U.S. dairy cattle represents a significant change in the behavior of zoonotic influenza viruses. Previously, H5N1 was primarily an avian pathogen with limited infection in mammals. The emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in dairy herds across multiple states reveals the virus\u2019s adaptation to mammalian hosts and highlights its potential for zoonotic transmission, raising important concerns for public health, veterinary medicine, and agriculture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The virus demonstrated unique tropism for mammary tissue, with high viral loads detected in milk. Genomic analysis identified mutations that enhance binding to mammalian receptors and facilitate systemic spread. Viral RNA was found in raw milk, posing food safety risks; however, standard pasteurization effectively inactivated the virus. Epidemiological data indicate the outbreak likely began with spillover from wild birds or contaminated fomites, followed by efficient local transmission within herds. Forty-one human cases linked to infected dairy operations were confirmed. The outbreak caused significant economic losses due to decreased milk production and trade restrictions. Although human-to-human transmission remains low, the zoonotic risk requires urgent attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2024 HPAI H5N1 outbreak in U.S. dairy cattle highlights critical gaps in surveillance, biosecurity, and coordination across sectors. A One Health approach integrating veterinary, public health, and environmental efforts is essential. Recommendations include improved surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, occupational safety protocols, focused research on viral evolution, and investment in diagnostics and vaccines. These actions are vital to reduce risks, protect public health, and ensure the sustainability of the dairy industry against future zoonotic influenza threats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1747225246000},"page":"1817-1833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: implications for public health, animal health, and pandemic preparedness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Aleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesam Taher","family":"Almagharbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Aleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abdel-Daim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9820","volume":"261","author":"X Xu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Xu X, Subbarao, Cox NJ et al (1999) Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A\/Goose\/Guangdong\/1\/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Virology 261:15\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/viro.1999.9820","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"5147_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111703","volume":"16","author":"CC Sreenivasan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sreenivasan CC, Li F, Wang D (2024) Emerging threats of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in US dairy cattle: Understanding Cross-Species transmission dynamics in mammalian hosts. Viruses 16:1703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16111703","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5147_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0","volume":"14","author":"M Leguia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leguia M, Garcia-Glaessner A, Mu\u00f1oz-Saavedra B et al (2023) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru. Nat Commun 14:5489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5147_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e945315","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.945315","volume":"30","author":"DV Parums","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parums DV (2024) Editorial: concerns as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype is identified in dairy cows and other mammals. Med Sci Monitor: Int Med J Experimental Clin Res 30:e945315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.945315","journal-title":"Med Sci Monitor: Int Med J Experimental Clin Res"},{"key":"5147_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp6024","volume":"384","author":"J Cohen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cohen J (2024) Worries about bird flu in U.S. Cattle intensify. Science 384:12\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adp6024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5147_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.02.005","volume":"16","author":"F Claes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Claes F, Morzaria SP, Donis RO (2016) Emergence and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx influenza viruses-how is the Asian HPAI H5 lineage maintained. Curr Opin Virol 16:158\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.02.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"5147_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.009","volume":"178","author":"S Sonnberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sonnberg S, Webby RJ, Webster RG (2013) Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Virus Res 178:63\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.009","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"5147_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091372","volume":"14","author":"G Graziosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E et al (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and mammals. Animals 14:1372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14091372","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5147_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030312","volume":"17","author":"MJ Jahid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jahid MJ, Nolting JM (2025) Dynamics of a panzootic: genomic insights, host range, and epidemiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in the united States. Viruses 17:312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17030312","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5147_CR10","unstructured":"Ceyhun Elci (2006) The impact of HPAI of the H5N1 strain. on Economies of Affected Countries"},{"key":"5147_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95452-6","volume":"15","author":"M Kamel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kamel M, Davidson JL, Schober JM et al (2025) A paper-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for highly pathogenic avian influenza. Sci Rep 15:12110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-95452-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5147_CR12","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) Communicable Disease Threats Report"},{"key":"5147_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-0965-4","volume":"17","author":"M Fourment","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fourment M, Darling AE, Holmes EC (2017) The impact of migratory flyways on the spread of avian influenza virus in North America. BMC Evol Biol 17:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12862-017-0965-4","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"5147_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.05.053","volume":"34","author":"Y Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi Y, Yang J, Wang L et al (2024) Ecology and evolution of avian influenza viruses. Curr Biol 34:R716\u2013R721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2024.05.053","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"5147_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1637\/7575-040106R1.1","volume":"51","author":"CJ Feare","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feare CJ (2007) The role of wild birds in the spread of HPAI H5N1. Avdi 51:440\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/7575-040106R1.1","journal-title":"Avdi"},{"key":"5147_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104102","volume":"103","author":"O Zamani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamani O, Bittmann T, Ortega DL (2024) The effect of avian influenza outbreaks on retail price premiums in the united States poultry market. Poult Sci 103:104102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104102","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5147_CR17","unstructured":"Usda (2025) Impacts of the 2014\u20132015 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak on the U.S. Poultry Sector| Economic Research Service. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/publications\/pub-details?pubid=86281. Accessed 21 Apr 2025"},{"key":"5147_CR18","unstructured":"Iannotti L, Barron M, Roy D (2008) Animal source food consumption and nutrition among young children in Indonesia: preliminary analysis for assessing the impact of HPAI on nutrition. DFID Pro-poor HPAI Risk Reduction Strategies Project Research Report"},{"key":"5147_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2024.102655","volume":"126","author":"JL Mitchell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mitchell JL, Thompson JM, Malone T (2024) Biological lags and market dynamics in vertically coordinated food supply chains: HPAI impacts on U.S. Egg prices. Food Policy 126:102655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodpol.2024.102655","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"5147_CR20","unstructured":"Woah (2024) Avian Influenza - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/disease\/avian-influenza\/. Accessed 15 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07786","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7786","volume":"21","author":"C Adlhoch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL et al (2023) Avian influenza overview September - December 2022. EFSA J 21:e07786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7786","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"5147_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.010","volume":"178","author":"G Gabriel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gabriel G, Czudai-Matwich V, Klenk H-D (2013) Adaptive mutations in the H5N1 polymerase complex. Virus Res 178:53\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.010","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"5147_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300001","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","volume":"28","author":"M Ag\u00fcero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ag\u00fcero M, Monne I, S\u00e1nchez A et al (2023) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed Minks, Spain, October 2022. Eurosurveillance 28:2300001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"5147_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu X, Saxena A, Magstadt DR et al (2024) Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b Virus detected in dairy cattle. bioRxiv:2024.04.16.588916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.16.588916","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.16.588916"},{"key":"5147_CR25","unstructured":"Who (2024) Avian Influenza A(H5N1)\u2013 United States of America. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2024-DON512. Accessed 03 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR26","unstructured":"Aphis.Usda (2024) HPAI Confirmed Cases in Livestock| Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Accessed 03 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4","volume":"634","author":"LC Caserta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caserta LC, Frye EA, Butt SL et al (2024) Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle. Nature 634:669\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5147_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2024.101531","volume":"62","author":"MA Hossain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hossain MA, Monem MA, Rina AA (2024) The growing risk of avian influenza (H5N1) in dairy cows: clinical, economic, and public health consequences. New Microbes New Infections 62:101531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2024.101531","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infections"},{"key":"5147_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0650","volume":"5","author":"Z Rodriguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodriguez Z, Picasso-Risso C, O\u2019Connor A et al (2024) Hot topic: epidemiological and clinical aspects of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle. JDS Commun 5:S8\u2013S12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0650","journal-title":"JDS Commun"},{"key":"5147_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Halwe NJ, Cool K, Breithaupt A et al (2024) Outcome of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in calves and lactating cows. bioRxiv:2024.08.09.607272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.08.09.607272","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.09.607272"},{"key":"5147_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Facciuolo A, Aubrey L et al (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in dairy cows confers protective immunity against reinfection. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5613077\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5613077\/v1"},{"key":"5147_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-024-00039-z","volume":"2","author":"EM Abdelwhab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelwhab EM, Beer M (2024) Panzootic HPAIV H5 and risks to novel mammalian hosts. Npj Viruses 2:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44298-024-00039-z","journal-title":"Npj Viruses"},{"key":"5147_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baker AL, Arruda B, Palmer MV et al (2024) Dairy cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Nature 1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08166-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08166-6"},{"key":"5147_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Facciuolo A, Aubrey L, Barron-Castillo U et al (2025) Dairy cows develop protective immunity against reinfection with bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Nat Microbiol 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-025-01998-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-01998-6"},{"key":"5147_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240689","volume":"30","author":"RK Nelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nelli RK, Harm TA, Siepker C et al (2024) Sialic acid receptor specificity in mammary gland of dairy cattle infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. Emerg Infect Dis 30:1361\u20131373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3007.240689","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508","volume":"30","author":"ER Burrough","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B et al (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, united States, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis 30:1335\u20131343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3007.240508","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caserta LC, Frye EA, Butt SL et al (2024) From birds to mammals: spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle led to efficient intra- and interspecies transmission","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.22.595317"},{"key":"5147_CR38","unstructured":"Cdc (2025) H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/situation-summary\/index.html?cove-tab=0. Accessed 21 Apr 2025"},{"key":"5147_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70030-0","volume":"7","author":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases","year":"2007","unstructured":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2007) Asian H5N1 still going strong at 10 years old. Lancet Infect Dis 7:175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70030-0","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180257","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0257","volume":"374","author":"SJ Lycett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lycett SJ, Duchatel F, Digard P (2019) A brief history of bird flu. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 374:20180257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2018.0257","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"5147_CR41","first-page":"855","volume":"32","author":"HG Pereira","year":"1965","unstructured":"Pereira HG, T\u016fmov\u00e1 B, Law VG (1965) Avian influenza A viruses. Bull World Health Organ 32:855\u2013860","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"5147_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00327-07","volume":"81","author":"L Duan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duan L, Campitelli L, Fan XH et al (2007) Characterization of low-pathogenic H5 subtype influenza viruses from Eurasia: implications for the origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. J Virol 81:7529\u20137539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00327-07","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"5147_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000161","volume":"4","author":"D Vijaykrishna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Riley S et al (2008) Evolutionary dynamics and emergence of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000161","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"5147_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.1.118-126.2002","volume":"76","author":"RG Webster","year":"2002","unstructured":"Webster RG, Guan Y, Peiris M et al (2002) Characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses that continue to circulate in geese in southeastern China. J Virol 76:118\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.76.1.118-126.2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"5147_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6592","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.14.6592-6599.2000","volume":"74","author":"AN Cauthen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cauthen AN, Swayne DE, Schultz-Cherry S et al (2000) Continued circulation in China of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses encoding the hemagglutinin gene associated with the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in poultry and humans. J Virol 74:6592\u20136599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.74.14.6592-6599.2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"5147_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00868-8","volume":"23","author":"F Krammer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krammer F, Schultz-Cherry S (2023) We need to keep an eye on avian influenza. Nat Rev Immunol 23:267\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-023-00868-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"5147_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00110-06","volume":"80","author":"H Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen H, Li Y, Li Z et al (2006) Properties and dissemination of H5N1 viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak in migratory waterfowl in Western China. J Virol 80:5976\u20135983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00110-06","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"5147_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102638","volume":"55","author":"MRZ Javad Charostad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Javad Charostad MRZ, Rukerd S, Mahmoudvand et al (2023) A comprehensive review of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: an imminent threat at doorstep. Travel Med Infect Dis 55:102638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102638","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR49","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) Technical Report: June 2024 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/php\/technical-report\/h5n1-06052024.html. Accessed 15 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.09.004","volume":"178","author":"BS Kaplan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaplan BS, Webby RJ (2013) The avian and mammalian host range of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza. Virus Res 178:3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.09.004","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"5147_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.12.021","volume":"122","author":"E Thiry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thiry E, Zicola A, Addie D et al (2007) Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in cats and other carnivores. Vet Microbiol 122:25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.12.021","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5147_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2416323","author":"MG Ison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ison MG, Marrazzo J (2024) The emerging threat of H5N1 to human health. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMe2416323","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5147_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254224","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02542-24","volume":"15","author":"A Mostafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mostafa A, Naguib MM, Nogales A et al (2024) Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in dairy cattle: origin, evolution, and cross-species transmission. mBio 15:e0254224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02542-24","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"5147_CR54","unstructured":"Garg MDS, DSc, Reed C, Todd PDC, Davis et al (2024) Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses in U.S. Dairy Cattle and Detection of Two Human Cases \u2014 United States, 2024. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"5147_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Owusu H, Sanad YM (2025) Comprehensive insights into highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: transmission dynamics, Milk-Borne risks, public health implications, biosecurity recommendations, and one health strategies for outbreak control. Pathogens 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14030278","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030278"},{"key":"5147_CR56","unstructured":"Usda (2024) USDA actions to protect livestock health from highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza. Accessed 03 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.51585\/gjm.2024.3.0040","volume":"4","author":"A Matteo Mellace, Concetta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matteo Mellace, Concetta A, Shicchitano B Tilocca (2024) Avian influenza: molecular adaptations and the potential role of domestic animals as mixing vessels. Ger J Microbiol 4:21\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51585\/gjm.2024.3.0040","journal-title":"Ger J Microbiol"},{"key":"5147_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1244-y","volume":"14","author":"KA Harris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harris KA, Freidl GS, Munoz OS et al (2017) Epidemiological risk factors for animal influenza A viruses overcoming species barriers. EcoHealth 14:342\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-017-1244-y","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"5147_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E878","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.240697","volume":"196","author":"R Kozak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kozak R, Bogoch II, Mubareka S (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. CMAJ 196:E878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.240697","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"5147_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229008","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1229008","volume":"10","author":"AL Green","year":"2023","unstructured":"Green AL, Branan M, Fields VL et al (2023) Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the united States, 2022: a case-control study. Front Vet Sci 10:1229008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1229008","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5147_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01087-1","volume":"22","author":"G Neumann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (2024) Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus outbreak in cattle: the knowns and unknowns. Nat Rev Microbiol 22:525\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-024-01087-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5147_CR62","unstructured":"Aphis (2024) Detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza in mammals. Accessed 03 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan L, Eisfeld AJ, Pattinson D et al (2024) Cow\u2019s milk containing avian influenza A (H5N1) Virus\u2014Heat inactivation and infectivity in mice. New England Journal of Medicine","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2405495"},{"key":"5147_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tosheva II, Filaire F, Rijnink WF et al (2024) Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals. Nat Microbiol 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-024-01885-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01885-6"},{"key":"5147_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00edos Carrasco M, Gr\u00f6ne A, van den Brand JMA et al (2024) The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for Circulating avian H5 viruses. J Virol e0105224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01052-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01052-24"},{"key":"5147_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlotte Kristensen HE, Jensen R, Trebbien et al (2024) The avian and human influenza A virus receptors sialic acid (SA)-\u03b12,3 and SA-\u03b12,6 are widely expressed in the bovine mammary gland. bioRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.03.592326"},{"key":"5147_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paulos AP, Hilton SP, Shelden B et al (2025) Detection of Hemagglutinin H5 influenza A virus RNA and model of potential inputs in an urban California sewershed. medRxiv:2024.12.31.24319823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.12.31.24319823","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.31.24319823"},{"key":"5147_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07766-6","volume":"633","author":"AJ Eisfeld","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eisfeld AJ, Biswas A, Guan L et al (2024) Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Nature 633:426\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07766-6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5147_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.26874","author":"S Anderer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anderer S (2025) First severe H5N1 case in US, new Labcorp test, and other bird flu developments. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.26874","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5147_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380421","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2380421","volume":"13","author":"X Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu X, Saxena A, Magstadt DR et al (2024) Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle. Emerg Microbes Infections 13:2380421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2024.2380421","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infections"},{"key":"5147_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05264","volume":"444","author":"S Yamada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yamada S, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T et al (2006) Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors. Nature 444:378\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05264","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5147_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2025.100377","volume":"8","author":"G Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang G, Shi Y, Ge H et al (2025) Genomic signatures and host adaptation of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: A call for global surveillance and multi-target antiviral strategies. Curr Res Microb Sci 8:100377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crmicr.2025.100377","journal-title":"Curr Res Microb Sci"},{"key":"5147_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8930","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8930","volume":"22","author":"L Alexakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alexakis L, Fusaro A, Kuiken T et al (2024) Avian influenza overview March-June 2024. EFSA J 22:e8930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8930","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"5147_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chopra P, Page CK, Shepard JD et al (2024) Receptor binding specificity of a bovine A(H5N1) influenza virus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.30.605893. bioRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.30.605893"},{"key":"5147_CR75","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) Talking to Patients about Unpasteurized (Raw) Milk and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/hcp\/unpasteurized-raw-milk\/index.html. Accessed 15 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mainenti M, Siepker C, Magstadt DR et al (2024) Distribution of lesions and detection of influenza A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, in ante- and postmortem samples from naturally infected domestic cats on U.S. Dairy farms. J Vet Diagn Invest 10406387241300464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387241300464","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241300464"},{"key":"5147_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-024-02085-4","volume":"60","author":"G Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh G, Trujillo JD, McDowell CD et al (2024) Detection and characterization of H5N1 HPAIV in environmental samples from a dairy farm. Virus Genes 60:517\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11262-024-02085-4","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"5147_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2405371","volume":"390","author":"M Timothy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timothy M, Uyeki S, Milton CA, Hamid et al (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in a dairy farm worker. N Engl J Med 390:2028\u20132029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2405371","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5147_CR79","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) CDC Newsroom Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection Reported in a Person in the U.S. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2024\/p0401-avian-flu.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts L, Abolnik C, Waller L et al (2023) Descriptive epidemiology of and response to the high pathogenicity avian influenza (H5N8) epidemic in South African coastal seabirds, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2708458"},{"key":"5147_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"veab046","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab046","volume":"7","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang J, Li X, Wang X et al (2021) Genomic evolution, transmission dynamics, and pathogenicity of avian influenza A (H5N8) viruses emerging in China, 2020. Virus Evol 7:veab046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ve\/veab046","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"5147_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.162056","volume":"23","author":"AA Selim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Selim AA, Erfan AM, Hagag N et al (2017) Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 infection in migratory birds, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 23:1048\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2306.162056","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414610","author":"S Garg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garg S, Reinhart K, Couture A et al (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections in humans. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2414610","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5147_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61207-6","volume":"382","author":"H Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu H, Cowling BJ, Feng L et al (2013) Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity. Lancet (London England) 382:138\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61207-6","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"5147_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001024","volume":"18","author":"JI Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim JI, Park S, Bae J-Y et al (2020) Glycosylation generates an efficacious and Immunogenic vaccine against H7N9 influenza virus. PLoS Biol 18:e3001024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001024","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"5147_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00414","volume":"8","author":"Z Pu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pu Z, Xiang D, Li X et al (2018) Potential pandemic of H7N9 avian influenza A virus in human. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00414","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5147_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zhang W, Wang F et al (2013) Structures and receptor binding of hemagglutinins from Human-Infecting H7N9 influenza viruses. American Association for the Advancement of Science","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242917"},{"key":"5147_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12466","volume":"64","author":"C Bui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bui C, Rahman B, Heywood AE et al (2017) A Meta-Analysis of the prevalence of influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 infection in birds. Transbound Emerg Dis 64:967\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.12466","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01464-1","volume":"18","author":"T Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang T, Du H, Guo L et al (2021) Identifying novel amino acid substitutions of hemagglutinin involved in virulence enhancement in H7N9 virus strains. Virol J 18:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-020-01464-1","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"5147_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang S-W, Wang S-F (2020) The Effects of Genetic Variation on H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Pathogenicity. Viruses 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12111220","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111220"},{"key":"5147_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.11.005","volume":"39","author":"F Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao F, Wang Q, Qiu C et al (2024) Pandemic preparedness of effective vaccines for the outbreak of newly H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Virol Sin 39:981\u2013985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2024.11.005","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"5147_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2025.102829","volume":"65","author":"AJ Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Hui DS, Ippolito G et al (2025) Avian Influenza - The next travel-associated pandemic? Proactive one health surveillance is required to reduce the risk of the spread. Travel Med Infect Dis 65:102829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2025.102829","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"5147_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58882-4","volume":"16","author":"Q Niu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Niu Q, Jiang Z, Wang L et al (2025) Prevention and control of avian influenza virus: recent advances in diagnostic technologies and surveillance strategies. Nat Commun 16:3558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-58882-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5147_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58219-1","volume":"16","author":"M Nooruzzaman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nooruzzaman M, Covaleda LM, de Oliveira PSB et al (2025) Thermal inactivation spectrum of influenza A H5N1 virus in Raw milk. Nat Commun 16:3299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-58219-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5147_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104653","volume":"125","author":"TN Alkie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alkie TN, Nasheri N, Romero-Barrios P et al (2025) Effectiveness of pasteurization for the inactivation of H5N1 influenza virus in Raw whole milk. Food Microbiol 125:104653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104653","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"5147_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2405488","volume":"391","author":"F Kaiser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaiser F, Morris DH, Wickenhagen A et al (2024) Inactivation of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Raw milk at 63\u00b0C and 72\u00b0C. N Engl J Med 391:90\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2405488","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5147_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sylvain Meyer V, Sage AJ, Campbell et al (2024) Persistence of influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses in unpasteurized milk on milking unit surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.22.24307745"},{"key":"5147_CR98","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) Current H5N1 Bird Flu Situation in Dairy Cows. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/situation-summary\/mammals.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le Sage V, Campbell AJ, Reed DS et al (2024) Influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses remain infectious in unpasteurized milk on milking machinery surfaces. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.22.24307745. medRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.22.24307745"},{"key":"5147_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029923000730","volume":"90","author":"M Holzhauer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holzhauer M, Wennink GJ (2023) Zoonotic risks of pathogens from dairy cattle and their milk-borne transmission. J Dairy Res 90:325\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022029923000730","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"5147_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100766","volume":"19","author":"HS Catalan Saenz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Catalan Saenz HS, Cruz-Ausejo L (2024) Preventive, safety and control measures against avian influenza A(H5N1) in occupationally exposed groups: A scoping review. One Health 19:100766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100766","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"5147_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8735","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8735","volume":"22","author":"C Adlhoch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adlhoch C, Alm E, Enkirch T et al (2024) Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for one health mitigation measures. EFSA J 22:e8735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8735","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"5147_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/prevention\/hpai-interim-recommendations.html. Accessed 15 Nov 2024","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2289780"},{"key":"5147_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9191","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9191","volume":"23","author":"J Alvarez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alvarez J, Boklund A, Dippel S et al (2025) Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza. EFSA J 23:e9191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9191","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"5147_CR105","unstructured":"Cdc (2024) CDC A(H5N1) Bird Flu Response Update October 18, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/spotlights\/cdc-bird-flu-response.html. Accessed 10 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091630","volume":"9","author":"RB Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel RB, Mathur MB, Gould M et al (2014) Demographic and clinical predictors of mortality from highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection: CART analysis of international cases. PLoS ONE 9:e91630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0091630","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5147_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fasanmi OG, Laleye AT, Fasina FO (2016) Systematic review and meta-analyses of cases and deaths associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in humans and poultry. CABI Reviews 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/PAVSNNR201611004","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201611004"},{"key":"5147_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-024-00570-6","volume":"57","author":"T Perez-Acle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perez-Acle T, Ravello C, Rosemblatt M (2024) Are we cultivating the perfect storm for a human avian influenza pandemic? Biol Res 57:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40659-024-00570-6","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"key":"5147_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z","volume":"637","author":"TP Peacock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peacock TP, Moncla L, Dudas G et al (2025) The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals. Nature 637:304\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5147_CR110","unstructured":"Badara O (2024) High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Cattle. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/high-pathogenicity-avian-influenza-hpai-in-cattle\/. Accessed 21 Apr 2025"},{"key":"5147_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-626","volume":"11","author":"N Coetzee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coetzee N, Edeghere O, Afza M et al (2011) Limiting worker exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza a (H5N1): a repeat survey at a rendering plant processing infected poultry carcasses in the UK. BMC Public Health 11:626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-626","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5147_CR112","unstructured":"Cdc (2025) Interim Guidance for Employers to Reduce Exposure to Avian Influenza A Viruses for People Working with Animals. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/prevention\/worker-protection-ppe.html. Accessed 21 Apr 2025"},{"key":"5147_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7344a2","volume":"73","author":"KE Marshall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marshall KE, Drehoff CC, Alden N et al (2024) Personal protective equipment use by dairy farmworkers exposed to cows infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) Viruses - Colorado, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 73:999\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7344a2","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"5147_CR114","unstructured":"Avma (2024) $200\u00a0M from federal government aims to stop spread of H5N1 among dairy cows American Veterinary Medical Association. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/news\/200m-federal-government-aims-stop-spread-h5n1-among-dairy-cows. Accessed 16 Nov 2024"},{"key":"5147_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu X, Wang Q, Ma B et al (2023) Advances in detection techniques for the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Int J Mol Sci 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242417157","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417157"},{"key":"5147_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100785","volume":"35","author":"R Sah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sah R, Srivastava S, Kumar S et al (2024) Concerns on H5N1 avian influenza given the outbreak in U.S. Dairy cattle. Lancet Reg Health\u2013 Americas 35:100785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100785","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health\u2013 Americas"},{"key":"5147_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnanoscienceau.4c00072","volume":"5","author":"J Mata Calidonio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mata Calidonio J, Maddox AI, Patel DS et al (2025) Development of an immunoassay for highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) across diverse sample matrices. ACS Nanosci Au 5:93\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnanoscienceau.4c00072","journal-title":"ACS Nanosci Au"},{"key":"5147_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pragadeswaran S, Vishnu S, Surya V et al (2023) An investigation on real time monitoring system for livestock and agriculture using IoT. IJARSCT:102\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48175\/IJARSCT-8566","DOI":"10.48175\/IJARSCT-8566"},{"key":"5147_CR119","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013) Summary of status of development and availability of A (H5N1) candidate vaccine viruses and potency testing reagents. URL: http:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/vaccines\/virus\/candidates_reagents\/a_h5n1\/en\/(accessed 24 January 2013)"},{"key":"5147_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70048","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70048","volume":"18","author":"K Miyakawa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyakawa K, Ota M, Sano K et al (2024) Rapid and safe neutralization assay for Circulating H5N1 influenza virus in dairy cows. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 18:e70048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.70048","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T20:06:50Z","timestamp":1754424410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}