{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:52:18Z","timestamp":1781614338900,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood culture collection with all bottles filled from a single venipuncture (single-sampling strategy, SSS) is increasingly used. More data on the effects of SSS on blood culture contamination is needed. After combined implementation of SSS and initial specimen diversion (ISDT) in our region, we evaluated the proportion of sampling events with at least four bottles, with growth of relevant pathogens and with growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) before and after the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed all blood cultures collected from adults in emergency departments in our region in southern Sweden during six years before and 18 months after the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 117 142 sampling events included in the analysis, the proportion where at least four bottles were obtained increased from 87.6 to 92.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while growth of relevant pathogens remained unchanged at 13.6%. In the subset of sampling events with no more than one species, there was a decrease in the proportion with CoNS in 1\u20132 out of 4 bottles (4.0 to 3.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while events with CoNS in 3\u20134 out of 4 bottles increased (0.39 to 0.49%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We confirm positive effects of SSS and ISDT on adequate sample volume and a net decrease in the proportion of sampling events with growth of CoNS. Conversely, we observed an increase in CoNS in multiple bottles, probably caused by contamination. This possible drawback with SSS has not been reported before and should be studied further.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05196-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:47:36Z","timestamp":1750830456000},"page":"2275-2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of relevant pathogens and contaminants in blood cultures after implementation of single-sampling strategy and initial specimen diversion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"Oldberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Walles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"5196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2829-2831.1994","volume":"32","author":"J Li","year":"1994","unstructured":"Li J, Plorde JJ, Carlson LG (1994) Effects of volume and periodicity on blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 32(11):2829\u20132831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2829-2831.1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01555-07","volume":"45","author":"A Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee A, Mirrett S, Reller LB, Weinstein MP (2007) Detection of bloodstream infections in adults: how many blood cultures are needed? J Clin Microbiol 45(11):3546\u20133548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01555-07","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5196_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01314-11","volume":"49","author":"R Patel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patel R, Vetter EA, Harmsen WS, Schleck CD, Fadel HJ, Cockerill FR 3rd (2011) Optimized pathogen detection with 30- compared to 20-milliliter blood culture draws. J Clin Microbiol 49(12):4047\u20134051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01314-11","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5196_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Henning C, Aygul N, Dinnetz P, Wallgren K, Ozenci V (2019) Detailed analysis of the characteristics of sample volume in blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol 57(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00268-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00268-19"},{"key":"5196_CR5","unstructured":"Wilson ML (2022) Principles and procedures for blood cultures, 2 edn. Clinical and laboratory standard institute"},{"key":"5196_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00697","volume":"7","author":"B Lamy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lamy B, Dargere S, Arendrup MC, Parienti JJ, Tattevin P (2016) How to optimize the use of blood cultures for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections?? A State-of-the Art. Front Microbiol 7:697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00697","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5196_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O920","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12656","volume":"20","author":"S Dargere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dargere S, Parienti J J, Roupie E, Gancel E P, Wiel E, Smaiti N, Loiez C, Joly M L, Lemee L, Pestel-Caron M, du Cheyron D, Verdon R, Leclercq R, Cattoir V, U. B. C. s. group (2014) Unique blood culture for diagnosis of bloodstream infections in emergency departments: a prospective multicentre study. Clin Microbiol Infect 20(11):O920\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12656","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5196_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01639","volume":"11","author":"D Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu D, Larsson A, Parke A, Unge C, Henning C, Sunden-Cullberg J, Somell A, Stralin K, Ozenci V (2020) Single-Sampling strategy vs. Multi-Sampling strategy for blood cultures in sepsis: A prospective Non-inferiority study. Front Microbiol 11:1639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01639","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5196_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193521","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01935-21","volume":"60","author":"A Ekwall-Larson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ekwall-Larson A, Yu D, Dinn\u00e9tz P, Nordqvist H, \u00d6zenci V (2022) Single-Site sampling versus multisite sampling for blood cultures: a retrospective clinical study. J Clin Microbiol 60(2):e0193521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01935-21","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5196_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2023.2223281","volume":"55","author":"E Andersson Norlen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andersson Norlen E, Widerstrom M, Lindam A, Olsson J, Ryding U (2023) Blood cultures with one venipuncture instead of two: a prospective clinical comparative single-center study including patients in the ICU, haematology, and infectious diseases departments. Infect Dis (Lond) 55(9):591\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23744235.2023.2223281","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"5196_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1257-3","volume":"30","author":"D Leyssene","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leyssene D, Gardes S, Vilquin P, Flandrois JP, Carret G, Lamy B (2011) Species-driven interpretation guidelines in case of a single-sampling strategy for blood culture. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30(12):1537\u20131541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1257-3","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5196_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.06.030","volume":"43","author":"RA Garcia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia RA, Spitzer ED, Beaudry J, Beck C, Diblasi R, Gilleeny-Blabac M, Haugaard C, Heuschneider S, Kranz BP, McLean K, Morales KL, Owens S, Paciella ME, Torregrosa E (2015) Multidisciplinary team review of best practices for collection and handling of blood cultures to determine effective interventions for increasing the yield of true-positive bacteremias, reducing contamination, and eliminating false-positive central line-associated bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 43(11):1222\u20131237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.06.030","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"5196_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00910-10","volume":"48","author":"RG Patton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patton RG, Schmitt T (2010) Innovation for reducing blood culture contamination: initial specimen diversion technique. J Clin Microbiol 48(12):4501\u20134503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00910-10","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5196_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.09.005","volume":"26","author":"A Lalezari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lalezari A, Cohen MJ, Svinik O, Tel-Zur O, Sinvani S, Al-Dayem YA, Block C, Moses AE, Oster Y, Salameh S, Strahilevitz J (2020) A simplified blood culture sampling protocol for reducing contamination and costs: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 26(4):470\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.09.005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"5196_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2020.11.008","volume":"47","author":"M Arenas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arenas M, Boseman GM, Coppin JD, Lukey J, Jinadatha C, Navarathna DH (2021) Asynchronous testing of 2 Specimen-Diversion devices to reduce blood culture contamination: A Single-Site product supply quality improvement project. J Emerg Nurs 47(2):256\u2013264e256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jen.2020.11.008","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"5196_CR16","unstructured":"Henning C, Jonsson B, Monsen T, Wallgren K, Akerlund A, Ozenci V, Sundqvist M (2024) 2024 Mar 11). Diagnostik av infektioner i blod orsakade av bakterier och svamp ver 2.0. F\u00f6reningen f\u00f6r klinisk mikrobiologi. https:\/\/www.mikrobiologi.net\/organization\/document\/Diagnostik_av_infektioner_i_blod_orsakade_av_bakterier_och_svamp_v_2_0b_20240311.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2024"},{"key":"5196_CR17","unstructured":"Standards Unit SMaL (2023) UKHSA. 31.01). S12 - Sepsis and systemic or disseminated infections. Standards Unit, Specialised Microbiology and Laboratories, UKHSA. https:\/\/www.rcpath.org\/static\/3f51b8e5-1ebe-469d-a79f3a3323bfaec9\/7e38a3d1-fdc7-4c6e-aadc7e55b698ef26\/uk-smi-s-12i1-sepsis-and-systemic-or-disseminated-infection-january-2023-pdf.pdf. Accessed April 08, 2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"5196_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.231","volume":"39","author":"AI Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen AI, Bilker WB, Hamilton KW, O\u2019Donnell JA, Nachamkin I (2018) Blood culture utilization at an academic hospital: addressing a gap in benchmarking. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 39(11):1353\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2018.231","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5196_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.14329","volume":"36","author":"J Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams J, Hills A, Ray M, Greenslade J (2024) Changing culture: an intervention to improve blood culture quality in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 36(1):133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1742-6723.14329","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"issue":"7","key":"5196_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1086\/342383","volume":"35","author":"B Lamy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lamy B, Roy P, Carret G, Flandrois JP, Delignette-Muller ML (2002) What is the relevance of obtaining multiple blood samples for culture? A comprehensive model to optimize the strategy for diagnosing bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 35(7):842\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/342383","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"5196_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3279-3281.2001","volume":"39","author":"S Mirrett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mirrett S, Weinstein MP, Reimer LG, Wilson ML, Reller LB (2001) Relevance of the number of positive bottles in determining clinical significance of coagulase-negative Staphylococci in blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 39(9):3279\u20133281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3279-3281.2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5196_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.111","volume":"43","author":"JM Klucher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klucher JM, Davis K, Lakkad M, Painter JT, Dare RK (2022) Risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with blood culture contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 43(3):291\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2021.111","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05196-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05196-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05196-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:00:12Z","timestamp":1781611212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05196-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05196-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Microbiological data was anonymised with no residual key before it was made available to the researchers, with no possible link to patients. Ethical permission was thus not needed according to Swedish law.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Due to the anonymisation of the data, no consent to participate was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Due to the anonymisation of the data, no consent to publish was considered necessary.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}