{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:32:22Z","timestamp":1792186342618,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004718","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on mpox, emphasizing updated epidemiology and recent advances in treatment and prevention strategies, in light of the latest outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for publications on \u2018Mpox\u2019 and \u2018Monkeypox\u2019 up to June 5, 2025. Grey literature from governmental and health agencies was also accessed for outbreak reports and guidelines where published evidence was unavailable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent outbreaks have redefined mpox epidemiology. Whereas previous regional outbreaks were mainly driven by zoonotic spillover with limited household transmission and often affecting children, more recent outbreaks have involved sustained human-to-human transmission. Such transmission has occurred among men who have sex with men for clade IIb and within heterosexual networks for clade Ib outbreaks, and more recently clade Ia outbreaks, primarily through sexual contact. Clinical features have also shifted toward more localized lesions, prominently in the anogenital area. While mpox is usually self-limited, severe cases may occur in pregnant women, young children, and immunocompromised individuals. Mpox management primarily relies on supportive care. In patients with severe mpox, or at risk of, tecovirimat was widely recognized as the first-line therapy, although it has failed to demonstrate its effectiveness in recent randomized controlled trials. The Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine (two-dose regimen) has shown a favorable safety profile and promising efficacy data in preventing clade IIb mpox, including immunocompromised individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mpox has transitioned from a neglected zoonosis to a re-emerging global health threat. Sustained surveillance, robust and targeted public health interventions, and equitable access to diagnostics, vaccines, and antiviral treatments are critical to managing potential future mpox outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05242-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:13:34Z","timestamp":1757502814000},"page":"2569-2596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["From neglected to notoriety: a review of Mpox clinical features, virology, epidemiology, treatment and prevention strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Viguier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Delobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","family":"Lescure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Bessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4322-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Mansuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Martin-Blondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","volume":"58","author":"AM McCollum","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCollum AM, Damon IK (2014) Human Monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis 58(2):260\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cit703","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"5242_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","volume":"86","author":"AM Likos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Davidson W, Galloway R, Khristova ML, Reynolds MG, Zhao H, Carroll DS, Curns A, Formenty P, Esposito JJ, Regnery RL, Damon IK (2005) A Tale of two clades: Monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol 86(Pt 10):2661\u20132672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"5242_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04061","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04061","volume":"15","author":"V Jadhav","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jadhav V, Paul A, Trivedi V, Bhatnagar R, Bhalsinge R, Jadhav SV (2025) Global epidemiology, viral evolution, and public health responses: a systematic review on Mpox (1958\u20132024). J Glob Health 15:04061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.15.04061","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"5242_CR4","first-page":"593","volume":"46","author":"ID Ladnyj","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E (1972) A human infection caused by Monkeypox virus in Basankusu territory, Democratic Republic of the congo. Bull World Health Organ 46(5):593\u2013597","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","volume":"16","author":"EM Bunge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, Steffen R (2022) The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(2):e0010141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791","volume":"13","author":"EM Beer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beer EM, Rao VB (2019) A systematic review of the epidemiology of human Monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(10):e0007791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"37","key":"5242_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","volume":"107","author":"AW Rimoin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, Blumberg S, Thomassen HA, Pike BL, Fair JN, Wolfe ND, Shongo RL, Graham BS, Formenty P, Okitolonda E, Hensley LE, Meyer H, Wright LL, Muyembe JJ (2010) Major increase in human Monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(37):16262\u201316267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","volume":"19","author":"A Yinka-Ogunleye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, Ogoina D, McCollum A, Disu Y, Mamadu I, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Burga J, Ndoreraho A, Nkunzimana E, Manneh L, Mohammed A, Adeoye O, Tom-Aba D, Silenou B, Ipadeola O, Saleh M, Adeyemo A, Nwadiutor I, Aworabhi N, Uke P, John D, Wakama P, Reynolds M, Mauldin MR, Doty J, Wilkins K, Musa J, Khalakdina A, Adedeji A, Mba N, Ojo O, Krause G, Ihekweazu C, Team CDCMO (2019) Outbreak of human Monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis 19(8):872\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","volume":"350","author":"KD Reed","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK (2004) The detection of Monkeypox in humans in the Western hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350(4):342\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa559","volume":"225","author":"MR Mauldin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mauldin MR, McCollum AM, Nakazawa YJ, Mandra A, Whitehouse ER, Davidson W, Zhao H, Gao J, Li Y, Doty J, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Akinpelu A, Aruna O, Naidoo D, Lewandowski K, Afrough B, Graham V, Aarons E, Hewson R, Vipond R, Dunning J, Chand M, Brown C, Cohen-Gihon I, Erez N, Shifman O, Israeli O, Sharon M, Schwartz E, Beth-Din A, Zvi A, Mak TM, Ng YK, Cui L, Lin RTP, Olson VA, Brooks T, Paran N, Ihekweazu C, Reynolds MG (2022) Exportation of Monkeypox virus from the African continent. J Infect Dis 225(8):1367\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa559","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","volume":"387","author":"JP Thornhill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB, Palich R, Nori A, Reeves I, Habibi MS, Apea V, Boesecke C, Vandekerckhove L, Yakubovsky M, Sendagorta E, Blanco JL, Florence E, Moschese D, Maltez FM, Goorhuis A, Pourcher V, Migaud P, Noe S, Pintado C, Maggi F, Hansen AE, Hoffmann C, Lezama JI, Mussini C, Cattelan A, Makofane K, Tan D, Nozza S, Nemeth J, Klein MB, Orkin CM, Group SH-nC (2022) Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022. N Engl J Med 387(8):679\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5242_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON385. Cited April 14 2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00055-5","volume":"23","author":"D Ulaeto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ulaeto D, Agafonov A, Burchfield J, Carter L, Happi C, Jakob R, Krpelanova E, Kuppalli K, Lefkowitz EJ, Mauldin MR, de Oliveira T, Onoja B, Otieno J, Rambaut A, Subissi L, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Lewis RF (2023) New nomenclature for Mpox (monkeypox) and Monkeypox virus clades. Lancet Infect Dis 23(3):273\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00055-5","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10369","key":"5242_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01437-4","volume":"400","author":"C Wenham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenham C, Eccleston-Turner M (2022) Monkeypox as a PHEIC: implications for global health governance. Lancet 400(10369):2169\u20132171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01437-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5242_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON396. Cited May 14 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) WHO director-general declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/14-08-2024-who-director-general-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern. Cited April 17 2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"5242_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411368","volume":"392","author":"N Ndembi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ndembi N, Folayan MO, Komakech A, Mercy K, Tessema S, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Ngandu C, Ngongo N, Kaseya J, Abdool Karim SS (2025) Evolving epidemiology of Mpox in Africa in 2024. N Engl J Med 392(7):666\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2411368","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5242_CR18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Mpox in the United States and around the w: current situation. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/situation-summary\/index.html. Cited May 14 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matusali G, Petruccioli E, Cimini E, Colavita F, Bettini A, Tartaglia E, Sbarra S, Meschi S, Lapa D, Francalancia M, Bordi L, Mazzotta V, Coen S, Mizzoni K, Beccacece A, Nicastri E, Pierelli L, Antinori A, Girardi E, Vaia F, Sette A, Grifoni A, Goletti D, Puro V, Maggi F (2023) Evaluation of cross-immunity to the Mpox virus due to historic smallpox vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 11(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11101541","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11101541"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1446","volume":"297","author":"SN Shchelkunov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Safronov PF, Mikheev MV, Gutorov VV, Ryazankina OI, Petrov NA, Babkin IV, Uvarova EA, Sandakhchiev LS, Sisler JR, Esposito JJ, Damon IK, Jahrling PB, Moss B (2002) Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome. Virology 297(2):172\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/viro.2002.1446","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.011","volume":"29","author":"T Okwor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okwor T, Mbala PK, Evans DH, Kindrachuk J (2023) A contemporary review of clade-specific virological differences in Monkeypox viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 29(12):1502\u20131507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa143","volume":"71","author":"D Ogoina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogoina D, Iroezindu M, James HI, Oladokun R, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Wakama P, Otike-Odibi B, Usman LM, Obazee E, Aruna O, Ihekweazu C (2020) Clinical course and outcome of human monkeypox in Nigeria. Clin Infect Dis 71(8):e210\u2013e214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa143","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01435-1","volume":"16","author":"BM Mandja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mandja BM, Brembilla A, Handschumacher P, Bompangue D, Gonzalez JP, Muyembe JJ, Mauny F (2019) Temporal and Spatial dynamics of Monkeypox in Democratic Republic of congo, 2000\u20132015. EcoHealth 16(3):476\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-019-01435-1","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","volume":"156","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M (1987) Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis 156(2):293\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x","volume":"225","author":"JR Weaver","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weaver JR, Isaacs SN (2008) Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev 225:96\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035086","volume":"7","author":"PN Hudson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hudson PN, Self J, Weiss S, Braden Z, Xiao Y, Girgis NM, Emerson G, Hughes C, Sammons SA, Isaacs SN, Damon IK, Olson VA (2012) Elucidating the role of the complement control protein in Monkeypox pathogenicity. PLoS One 7(4):e35086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035086","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"18","key":"5242_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00199-11","volume":"85","author":"RD Estep","year":"2011","unstructured":"Estep RD, Messaoudi I, O\u2019Connor MA, Li H, Sprague J, Barron A, Engelmann F, Yen B, Powers MF, Jones JM, Robinson BA, Orzechowska BU, Manoharan M, Legasse A, Planer S, Wilk J, Axthelm MK, Wong SW (2011) Deletion of the Monkeypox virus inhibitor of complement enzymes locus impacts the adaptive immune response to Monkeypox virus in a nonhuman primate model of infection. J Virol 85(18):9527\u20139542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00199-11","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769","volume":"20","author":"C Happi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, Njouom R, Nakoune E, Happi A, Ndodo N, Ayansola O, Mboowa G, Bedford T, Neher RA, Roemer C, Hodcroft E, Tegally H, O\u2019Toole A, Rambaut A, Pybus O, Kraemer MUG, Wilkinson E, Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, Gomes JP, Freitas L, Resende PC, Lee RTC, Maurer-Stroh S, Baxter C, Lessells R, Ogwell AE, Kebede Y, Tessema SK, de Oliveira T (2022) Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for Monkeypox virus. PLoS Biol 20(8):e3001769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5242_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2022.06.006","volume":"52","author":"N Haddad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haddad N (2022) The presumed receptivity and susceptibility to monkeypox of European animal species. Infect Dis Now 52(5):294\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idnow.2022.06.006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","volume":"33","author":"E Petersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, Zumla A (2019) Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 33(4):1027\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR31","first-page":"13","volume":"27","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Gromyko AI, Szczeniowski MV (1983) Human monkeypox. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 27(1):13\u201328","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01459-7","volume":"17","author":"RH Doshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doshi RH, Alfonso VH, Morier D, Hoff NA, Sinai C, Mulembakani P, Kisalu N, Cheng A, Ashbaugh H, Gadoth A, Cowell B, Okitolonda EW, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Rimoin AW (2020) Monkeypox rash severity and animal exposures in the Democratic Republic of the congo. EcoHealth 17(1):64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-019-01459-7","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15633","volume":"78","author":"B Cabanillas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabanillas B, Murdaca G, Guemari A, Torres MJ, Azkur AK, Aksoy E, Vitte J, de Las Vecillas L, Giovannini M, Fernandez-Santamaria R, Castagnoli R, Orsi A, Amato R, Giberti I, Catala A, Ambrozej D, Schaub B, Tramper-Stranders GA, Novak N, Nadeau KC, Agache I, Akdis M, Akdis CA (2023) A compilation answering 50 questions on Monkeypox virus and the current Monkeypox outbreak. Allergy 78(3):639\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.15633","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/505880","volume":"194","author":"MG Reynolds","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, Damon IK (2006) Clinical manifestations of human Monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis 194(6):773\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/505880","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10353","key":"5242_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01487-8","volume":"400","author":"S Seang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seang S, Burrel S, Todesco E, Leducq V, Monsel G, Le Pluart D, Cordevant C, Pourcher V, Palich R (2022) Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of Monkeypox virus. Lancet 400(10353):658\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01487-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5242_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shepherd W, Beard PM, Brookes SM, Frost A, Roberts H, Russell K, Wyllie S (2022) The risk of reverse zoonotic transmission to pet animals during the current global Monkeypox outbreak, united kingdom, June to mid-September 2022. Euro Surveill 27(39). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.39.2200758","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.39.2200758"},{"key":"5242_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaughan AM, Afzal M, Nannapaneni P, Leroy M, Andrianou X, Pires J, Funke S, Roman C, Reyes-Uruena J, Aberle S, Aristodimou A, Aspelund G, Bennet KF, Bormane A, Caraglia A, Charles H, Chazelle E, Christova I, Cohen O, Constantinou C, Couvreur S, Diaz A, Fabianova K, Ferraro F, Grenersen MP, Grilc E, Hannila-Handelberg T, Hvass AK, Igoe D, Jansen K, Janta D, Kaoustou S, Koch A, Kosanovic Licina ML, Krumova S, Labutin A, Lachmann R, Lecompte A, Lefrancois R, Leitena V, Liitsola K, Mlinaric I, Mor Z, Neary M, Novacek A, Ogle MW, Orlikova H, Papadima K, Rehn M, Sadkowska-Todys M, Sirbu A, Sonden K, Suarez B, Thordardottir M, Vasconcelos P, Vieira Martins J, Zakrzewska K, Widdowson MA, Gossner CM (2024) Continued circulation of mpox: an epidemiological and phylogenetic assessment, European region, 2023 to 2024. Euro Surveill 29(27). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.27.2400330","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.27.2400330"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63044-5","volume":"14","author":"S Meschi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meschi S, Colavita F, Carletti F, Mazzotta V, Matusali G, Specchiarello E, Ascoli Bartoli T, Mondi A, Minosse C, Giancola ML, Pinnetti C, Valli MB, Lapa D, Mizzoni K, Sullivan DJ, Ou J, Focosi D, Girardi E, Nicastri E, Antinori A, Maggi F (2024) MPXV DNA kinetics in bloodstream and other body fluids samples. Sci Rep 14(1):13487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-63044-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5242_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suner C, Ubals M, Tarin-Vicente EJ, Mendoza A, Alemany A, Hernandez-Rodriguez A, Casan C, Descalzo V, Ouchi D, Marc A, Rivero A, Coll P, Oller X, Miguel Cabrera J, Vall-Mayans M, Dolores Folgueira M, Angeles Melendez M, Agud-Dios M, Gil-Cruz E, Paris, de Leon A, Ramirez Marinero A, Buhiichyk V, Galvan-Casas C, Paredes R, Prat N, Sala Farre MR, Bonet-Simo JM, Farre M, Ortiz-Romero PL, Clotet B, Garcia-Patos V, Casabona J, Guedj J, Cardona PJ, Blanco I, Movie G, Marks M, Mitja O (2023) Viral dynamics in patients with monkeypox infection: a prospective cohort study in Spain. Lancet Infect Dis 23 (4):445\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00794-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00794-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00586-2","volume":"23","author":"R Palich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palich R, Burrel S, Monsel G, Nouchi A, Bleibtreu A, Seang S, Berot V, Brin C, Gavaud A, Wakim Y, Godefroy N, Faycal A, Tamzali Y, Grunemwald T, Ohayon M, Todesco E, Leducq V, Marot S, Calvez V, Marcelin AG, Pourcher V (2023) Viral loads in clinical samples of men with Monkeypox virus infection: a French case series. Lancet Infect Dis 23(1):74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00586-2","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29259","volume":"95","author":"C Candela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Candela C, Galli L, Rizzo A, Mileto D, Canetti D, Gianotti N, Raccagni AR, Bertoni C, Lucente MF, Gismondo MR, Castagna A, Nozza S (2023) Mpox DNA clearance in semen over 6-month follow-up. J Med Virol 95(12):e29259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29259","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae073","volume":"11","author":"DHS Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan DHS, Pico Espinosa O, Matelski J, Khera SS, Qamar A, Persaud R, Hurst JR, Ly A, Lam J, Naghibosadat M, Christie N, Hasso M, Gough K, Taggart LR, Tan C, Ostrowski M, Ma H, Gray-Owen SD, Kozak R, Mishra S (2024) Longitudinal analysis of Mpox virus DNA detectability from multiple specimen types during acute illness: a cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis 11(2):ofae073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae073","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pesonel E, Laouenan C, Guiraud L, Bourner J, Hoffmann I, Molino D, Tardivon C, Bachelet D, Mentre F, Amstutz A, Merson L, Rojek A, Cervantes Gonzalez M, Antinori A, Castagna A, Nozza S, Pourcher V, Libois A, Dunning J, Tacconelli E, Hites M, De La Calle Prieto F, Horby P, Yazdanpanah Y, Calmy A, Lescure FX, Olliaro P Mpox observational cohort study G (2025) Clinical characterization and outcomes of human clade IIb Mpox virus disease: A European multicenter Mpox observational cohort study (MOSAIC). Clin Infect Dis 80(5):1060\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae657","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae657"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac960","volume":"76","author":"LT Allan-Blitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allan-Blitz LT, Gandhi M, Adamson P, Park I, Bolan G, Klausner JD (2023) A position statement on Mpox as a sexually transmitted disease. Clin Infect Dis 76(8):1508\u20131512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac960","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5242_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.230028","volume":"29","author":"Y Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi Y, Jeon EB, Kim T, Choi SJ, Moon SM, Song KH, Kim HB, Kim ES (2023) Case report and literature review of occupational transmission of Monkeypox virus to healthcare workers, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 29(5):997\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2905.230028","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5242_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00652-1","volume":"22","author":"V Del Rio Garcia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Del Rio Garcia V, Palacios JG, Morcillo AM, Duran-Pla E, Rodriguez BS, Lorusso N (2022) Monkeypox outbreak in a piercing and tattoo establishment in Spain. Lancet Infect Dis 22(11):1526\u20131528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00652-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/124.1.33","volume":"124","author":"RL Heberling","year":"1971","unstructured":"Heberling RL, Kalter SS (1971) Induction, course, and transmissibility of Monkeypox in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). J Infect Dis 124(1):33\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/124.1.33","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055488","volume":"8","author":"CL Hutson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hutson CL, Gallardo-Romero N, Carroll DS, Clemmons C, Salzer JS, Nagy T, Hughes CM, Olson VA, Karem KL, Damon IK (2013) Transmissibility of the Monkeypox virus clades via respiratory transmission: investigation using the prairie dog-monkeypox virus challenge system. PLoS One 8(2):e55488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0055488","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00034-4","volume":"4","author":"A Beeson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beeson A, Styczynski A, Hutson CL, Whitehill F, Angelo KM, Minhaj FS, Morgan C, Ciampaglio K, Reynolds MG, McCollum AM, Guagliardo SAJ (2023) Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence. Lancet Microbe 4(4):e277\u2013e283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00034-4","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"35","key":"5242_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7335a1","volume":"73","author":"KC Delea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delea KC, Chen TH, Lavilla K, Hercules Y, Gearhart S, Preston LE, Hughes CM, Minhaj FS, Waltenburg MA, Sunshine B, Rao AK, McCollum AM, Adams K, Ocana M, Akinkugbe O, Brown C, Alvarado-Ramy F (2024) Contact tracing for Mpox clade II cases associated with air travel - United states, July 2021-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 73(35):758\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7335a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"44","key":"5242_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7144a4","volume":"71","author":"I Hennessee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hennessee I, Shelus V, McArdle CE, Wolf M, Schatzman S, Carpenter A, Minhaj FS, Petras JK, Cash-Goldwasser S, Maloney M, Sosa L, Jones SA, Mangla AT, Harold RE, Beverley J, Saunders KE, Adams JN, Stanek DR, Feldpausch A, Pavlick J, Cahill M, O\u2019Dell V, Kim M, Alarcon J, Finn LE, Goss M, Duwell M, Crum DA, Williams TW, Hansen K, Heddy M, Mallory K, McDermott D, Cuadera MKQ, Adler E, Lee EH, Shinall A, Thomas C, Ricketts EK, Koonce T, Rynk DB, Cogswell K, McLafferty M, Perella D, Stockdale C, Dell B, Roskosky M, White SL, Davis KR, Milleron RS, Mackey S, Barringer LA, Bruce H, Barrett D, D\u2019Angeli M, Kocharian A, Klos R, Dawson P, Ellington SR, Mayer O, Godfred-Cato S, Labuda SM, McCormick DW, McCollum AM, Rao AK, Salzer JS, Kimball A, Gold JAW, Group G CDCMPW (2022) Epidemiologic and clinical features of children and adolescents aged\u2009<\u200918 years with Monkeypox - United states, May 17-September 24, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(44):1407\u20131411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7144a4","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"40","key":"5242_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7140e2","volume":"71","author":"LM Hagan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagan LM, Beeson A, Hughes S, Hassan R, Tietje L, Meehan AA, Spencer H, Turner J, Richardson M, Howard J, Schultz A, Ali S, Butler MM, Arce Garza D, Morgan CN, Kling C, Baird N, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Lowe D, Wynn NT, Black SR, Kerins JL, Rafinski J, Defuniak A, Auguston P, Mosites E, Ghinai I, Zawitz C (2022) Monkeypox case Investigation - Cook County jail, chicago, illinois, July-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(40):1271\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7140e2","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5242_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix260","volume":"216","author":"PK Mbala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mbala PK, Huggins JW, Riu-Rovira T, Ahuka SM, Mulembakani P, Rimoin AW, Martin JW, Muyembe JT (2017) Maternal and fetal outcomes among pregnant women with human monkeypox infection in the Democratic Republic of congo. J Infect Dis 216(7):824\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jix260","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR54","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Multi-Country Outbreak of Mpox, External Situation Report #25\u201324 June 2023, Edition 24. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/multi-country-outbreak-mpox-monkeypox-external-situation-report-25-published-24-june-2023. Cited April 16 2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-2183","volume":"175","author":"VM Ferre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferre VM, Bachelard A, Zaidi M, Armand-Lefevre L, Descamps D, Charpentier C, Ghosn J (2022) Detection of Monkeypox virus in anorectal swabs from asymptomatic men who have sex with men in a sexually transmitted infection screening program in Paris, France. Ann Intern Med 175(10):1491\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M22-2183","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5242_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02004-w","volume":"28","author":"I De Baetselier","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Baetselier I, Van Dijck C, Kenyon C, Coppens J, Michiels J, de Block T, Smet H, Coppens S, Vanroye F, Bugert JJ, Girl P, Zange S, Liesenborghs L, Brosius I, van Griensven J, Selhorst P, Florence E, Van den Bossche D, Arien KK, Rezende AM, Vercauteren K, Van Esbroeck M, group ITMMs (2022) Retrospective detection of asymptomatic monkeypox virus infections among male sexual health clinic attendees in Belgium. Nat Med 28(11):2288\u20132292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-02004-w","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5242_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e073153","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073153","volume":"379","author":"T Ward","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ward T, Christie R, Paton RS, Cumming F, Overton CE (2022) Transmission dynamics of Monkeypox in the united kingdom: contact tracing study. BMJ 379:e073153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-073153","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"5242_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab135","volume":"223","author":"DL Heymann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heymann DL, Simpson K (2021) The evolving epidemiology of human monkeypox: questions still to be answered. J Infect Dis 223(11):1839\u20131841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab135","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10476","key":"5242_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02669-2","volume":"405","author":"E Bangwen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bangwen E, Diavita R, De Vos E, Vakaniaki EH, Nundu SS, Mutombo A, Mulangu F, Abedi AA, Malembi E, Kalonji T, Kacita C, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Kremer C, Brosius I, Van Dijck C, Bottieau E, Vercauteren K, Amuri-Aziza A, Makangara-Cigolo JC, Muyamuna E, Pukuta E, Nguete B, Kaba D, Kabamba J, Hughes CM, Tshiani-Mbaya O, Rimoin AW, Hoff NA, Kindrachuk J, Hens N, Peeters M, Low N, McCollum AM, Shongo R, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Liesenborghs L, Mbala-Kingebeni P (2025) Suspected and confirmed Mpox cases in DR congo: a retrospective analysis of National epidemiological and laboratory surveillance data, 2010-23. Lancet 405(10476):408\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02669-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5242_CR60","unstructured":"(NCDC) NCfDC (2019) Monkeypox Outbreak in Nigeria: Situation Report #12. https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/themes\/common\/files\/sitreps\/5a1a9820f21136842ba43f186b8d09e7.pdf. Cited April 17 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334238","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1334238","volume":"11","author":"SC Ogunleye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ogunleye SC, Akinsulie OC, Aborode AT, Olorunshola MM, Gbore D, Oladoye M, Adesola RO, Gbadegoye JO, Olatoye BJ, Lawal MA, Bakare AB, Adekanye O, Chinyere EC (2023) The re-emergence and transmission of Monkeypox virus in nigeria: the role of one health. Front Public Health 11:1334238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1334238","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203569","volume":"27","author":"PY Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen PY, Ajisegiri WS, Costantino V, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR (2021) Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017\u20132020. Emerg Infect Dis 27(4):1007\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2704.203569","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03130-3","volume":"30","author":"EH Vakaniaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vakaniaki EH, Kacita C, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, O\u2019Toole A, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Amuri-Aziza A, Malyamungu-Bubala N, Mweshi-Kumbana F, Mutimbwa-Mambo L, Belesi-Siangoli F, Mujula Y, Parker E, Muswamba-Kayembe PC, Nundu SS, Lushima RS, Makangara-Cigolo JC, Mulopo-Mukanya N, Pukuta-Simbu E, Akil-Bandali P, Kavunga H, Abdramane O, Brosius I, Bangwen E, Vercauteren K, Sam-Agudu NA, Mills EJ, Tshiani-Mbaya O, Hoff NA, Rimoin AW, Hensley LE, Kindrachuk J, Baxter C, de Oliveira T, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Delaporte E, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Mohr EL, Sullivan NJ, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Nachega JB, Rambaut A, Liesenborghs L, Mbala-Kingebeni P (2024) Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in Eastern Democratic Republic of the congo. Nat Med 30(10):2791\u20132795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03130-3","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6670","key":"5242_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg8116","volume":"382","author":"A O\u2019Toole","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole A, Neher RA, Ndodo N, Borges V, Gannon B, Gomes JP, Groves N, King DJ, Maloney D, Lemey P, Lewandowski K, Loman N, Myers R, Omah IF, Suchard MA, Worobey M, Chand M, Ihekweazu C, Ulaeto D, Adetifa I, Rambaut A (2023) APOBEC3 deaminase editing in Mpox virus as evidence for sustained human transmission since at least 2016. Science 382(6670):595\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adg8116","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.191387","volume":"26","author":"SEF Yong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yong SEF, Ng OT, Ho ZJM, Mak TM, Marimuthu K, Vasoo S, Yeo TW, Ng YK, Cui L, Ferdous Z, Chia PY, Aw BJW, Manauis CM, Low CKK, Chan G, Peh X, Lim PL, Chow LPA, Chan M, Lee VJM, Lin RTP, Heng MKD, Leo YS (2020) Imported monkeypox, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 26(8):1826\u20131830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.191387","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, Balasegaram S, Beadsworth M, Beck CR, Chand M, O\u2019Connor C, Dunning J, Ghebrehewet S, Harper N, Howlett-Shipley R, Ihekweazu C, Jacobs M, Kaindama L, Katwa P, Khoo S, Lamb L, Mawdsley S, Morgan D, Palmer R, Phin N, Russell K, Said B, Simpson A, Vivancos R, Wade M, Walsh A, Wilburn J (2018) Two cases of Monkeypox imported to the united kingdom, September 2018. Euro Surveill 23(38). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.38.1800509","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.38.1800509"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191164","volume":"26","author":"A Vaughan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, Brooks T, Chand M, Flegg P, Hardman A, Harper N, Jarvis R, Mawdsley S, McGivern M, Morgan D, Morris G, Nixon G, O\u2019Connor C, Palmer R, Phin N, Price DA, Russell K, Said B, Schmid ML, Vivancos R, Walsh A, Welfare W, Wilburn J, Dunning J (2020) Human-to-Human transmission of Monkeypox virus, united kingdom, October 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 26(4):782\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2604.191164","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5242_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.190076","volume":"25","author":"N Erez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, Schwartz Y, Wiener-Well Y, Paran N, Politi B, Tamir H, Israely T, Weiss S, Beth-Din A, Shifman O, Israeli O, Yitzhaki S, Shapira SC, Melamed S, Schwartz E (2019) Diagnosis of imported monkeypox, israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 25(5):980\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2505.190076","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"5242_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.07.014","volume":"15","author":"M Abed Alah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abed Alah M, Abdeen S, Tayar E, Bougmiza I (2022) The story behind the first few cases of monkeypox infection in non-endemic countries, 2022. J Infect Public Health 15(9):970\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.07.014","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"5242_CR70","unstructured":"Monkeypox - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern World Health Organization, Ireland (2022) https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON381. Cited April 17 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perez Duque M, Ribeiro S, Martins JV, Casaca P, Leite PP, Tavares M, Mansinho K, Duque LM, Fernandes C, Cordeiro R, Borrego MJ, Pelerito A, de Carvalho IL, Nuncio S, Manageiro V, Minetti C, Machado J, Haussig JM, Croci R, Spiteri G, Casal AS, Mendes D, Souto T, Pocinho S, Fernandes T, Firme A, Vasconcelos P, Freitas G (2022) Ongoing Monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April to 23 May 2022. Euro Surveill 27(22). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200424","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200424"},{"key":"5242_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Inigo Martinez J, Gil Montalban E, Jimenez Bueno S, Martin Martinez F, Nieto Julia A, Sanchez Diaz J, Garcia Marin N, Cordoba Deorador E, Nunziata Forte A, Alonso Garcia M, Humanes Navarro AM, Montero Morales L, Dominguez Rodriguez MJ, Carbajo Ariza M, Diaz Garcia LM, Mata Pariente N, Rumayor Zarzuelo M, Velasco Rodriguez MJ, Aragon Pena A, Rodriguez Baena E, Miguel Benito A, Perez Meixeira A, Ordobas Gavin M, Lopaz Perez MA, Arce Arnaez A (2022) Monkeypox outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men, Madrid, Spain, 26 April to 16 June 2022. Euro Surveill 27(27). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200471","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200471"},{"key":"5242_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selb R, Werber D, Falkenhorst G, Steffen G, Lachmann R, Ruscher C, McFarland S, Bartel A, Hemmers L, Koppe U, Stark K, Bremer V, Jansen K, Berlin MPX (2022) A shift from travel-associated cases to autochthonous transmission with Berlin as epicentre of the Monkeypox outbreak in Germany, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill 27(27). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200499","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200499"},{"key":"5242_CR74","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Multi-country outbreak of mpox, External situation report #25\u201324 June 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report--25---24-june-2023. Cited April 14 2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","volume":"28","author":"J Isidro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, Sobral D, Santos JD, Nunes A, Mixao V, Ferreira R, Santos D, Duarte S, Vieira L, Borrego MJ, Nuncio S, de Carvalho IL, Pelerito A, Cordeiro R, Gomes JP (2022) Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of Monkeypox virus. Nat Med 28(8):1569\u20131572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5242_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laurenson-Schafer H, Sklenovska N, Hoxha A, Kerr SM, Ndumbi P, Fitzner J, Almiron M, de Sousa LA, Briand S, Cenciarelli O, Colombe S, Doherty M, Fall IS, Garcia-Calavaro C, Haussig JM, Kato M, Mahamud AR, Morgan OW, Nabeth P, Naiene JD, Navegantes WA, Ogundiran O, Okot C, Pebody R, Matsui T, Ramirez HL, Smallwood C, Tasigchana RFP, Vaughan AM, Williams GS, Surveillance WHOm, Analytics t, Mala PO, Lewis RF, Pavlin BI, le Polain de Waroux O (2023) Description of the first global outbreak of mpox: an analysis of global surveillance data. Lancet Glob Health 11 (7):e1012-e1023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00198-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00198-5"},{"key":"5242_CR77","unstructured":"Agency UHS (2022) Investigation into monkeypox outbreak in England: technical briefing 2. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/monkeypox-outbreak-technical-briefings\/investigation-into-monkeypox-outbreak-in-england-technical-briefing-2. Cited April 17 2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"5242_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00411-X","volume":"22","author":"N Girometti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Girometti N, Byrne R, Bracchi M, Heskin J, McOwan A, Tittle V, Gedela K, Scott C, Patel S, Gohil J, Nugent D, Suchak T, Dickinson M, Feeney M, Mora-Peris B, Stegmann K, Plaha K, Davies G, Moore LSP, Mughal N, Asboe D, Boffito M, Jones R, Whitlock G (2022) Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human Monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in london, UK: an observational analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 22(9):1321\u20131328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00411-X","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10353","key":"5242_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2","volume":"400","author":"EJ Tarin-Vicente","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarin-Vicente EJ, Alemany A, Agud-Dios M, Ubals M, Suner C, Anton A, Arando M, Arroyo-Andres J, Calderon-Lozano L, Casan C, Cabrera JM, Coll P, Descalzo V, Folgueira MD, Garcia-Perez JN, Gil-Cruz E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez B, Gutierrez-Collar C, Hernandez-Rodriguez A, Lopez-Roa P, de Angeles Melendez L, Montero-Menarguez M, Munoz-Gallego J, Palencia-Perez I, Paredes SI, Perez-Rivilla R, Pinana A, Prat M, Ramirez N, Rivero A, Rubio-Muniz A, Vall CA, Acosta-Velasquez M, Wang KS, Galvan-Casas A, Marks C, Ortiz-Romero M, Mitja PL O (2022) Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human Monkeypox virus cases in spain: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 400(10353):661\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"5242_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00513-8","volume":"22","author":"D Lapa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lapa D, Carletti F, Mazzotta V, Matusali G, Pinnetti C, Meschi S, Gagliardini R, Colavita F, Mondi A, Minosse C, Scorzolini L, Cicalini S, Maffongelli G, Specchiarello E, Camici M, Bettini A, Baldini F, Francalancia M, Mizzoni K, Garbuglia AR, Nicastri E, Girardi E, Antinori A, Vaia F, Maggi F, Group IMS (2022) Monkeypox virus isolation from a semen sample collected in the early phase of infection in a patient with prolonged seminal viral shedding. Lancet Infect Dis 22(9):1267\u20131269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00513-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.03.005","volume":"130","author":"F Vairo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vairo F, Leone S, Mazzotta V, Piselli P, De Carli G, Lanini S, Maggi F, Nicastri E, Gagliardini R, Vita S, Siddu A, Rezza G, Barca A, Vaia F, Antinori A, Girardi E (2023) The possible effect of sociobehavioral factors and public health actions on the Mpox epidemic slowdown. Int J Infect Dis 130:83\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.03.005","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haverkate MR, Willemstein IJ, van Ewijk CE, Adam PC, Lanooij SJ, Jonker-Jorna P, van Bokhoven C, van Rijckevorsel GG, Hoornenborg E, David S, Mollema L, Te Wierik MJ, Lange J, Franz E, de Melker HE, Op, de Coul EL, Hahne SJ (2024) Factors potentially contributing to the decline of the mpox outbreak in the Netherlands, 2022 and 2023. Euro Surveill 29(21). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.21.2300608","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.21.2300608"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00287-1","volume":"24","author":"PD Katoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katoto PD, Muttamba W, Bahizire E, Malembaka EB, Bosa HK, Kazadi DM, Lubambo G, Siangoli FB, Bakamutumaho B, Wayengera M, Mavungu Landu DJ, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Mbala P, Loeb M, Kirenga B, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ (2024) Shifting transmission patterns of human Mpox in South Kivu, DR Congo. Lancet Infect Dis 24(6):e354\u2013e355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00287-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10478","key":"5242_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00047-9","volume":"405","author":"I Brosius","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brosius I, Vakaniaki EH, Mukari G, Munganga P, Tshomba JC, De Vos E, Bangwen E, Mujula Y, Tsoumanis A, Van Dijck C, Alengo A, Mutimbwa-Mambo L, Kumbana FM, Munga JB, Mambo DM, Zangilwa JW, Kitwanda SB, Houben S, Hoff NA, Makangara-Cigolo JC, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Peeters M, Rimoin AW, Kindrachuk J, Low N, Katoto P, Malembaka EB, Amuasi JH, Tshiani-Mbaya O, Kambaji DM, Kojan R, Kacita C, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Vercauteren K, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Nundu SS, Liesenborghs L, Mbala-Kingebeni P (2025) Epidemiological and clinical features of Mpox during the clade Ib outbreak in South kivu, Democratic Republic of the congo: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 405(10478):547\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00047-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5242_CR85","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) Multi-country outbreak of mpox, External situation report #42\u2009\u2013\u20099 November 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report--42--9-november-2024. Cited April 17 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR86","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Clade I Mpox Outbreak Originating in Central Africa. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/outbreaks\/2023\/index.html. Cited March 13 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR87","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Multi-country external situation report no. 45. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/emergencies\/mpox-sitrep_-45.pdf. Cited April 17 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR88","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Global Mpox Trends. https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/#8_Disclaimers. Cited March 9 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Amuri-Aziza A, Fernandez-Nunez N, Makangara-Cigolo JC, Pratt C, Vakaniaki EH, Hoff NA, Luakanda-Ndelemo G, Akil-Bandali P, Nundu SS, Mulopo-Mukanya N, Ngimba M, Modadra-Madakpa B, Diavita R, Paku-Tshambu P, Pukuta-Simbu E, Merritt S, O\u2019Toole A, Low N, Nkuba-Ndaye A, Kavunga-Membo H, Shongo Lushima R, Liesenborghs L, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Vercauteren K, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Subissi L, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Kindrachuk J, Ayouba A, Rambaut A, Delaporte E, Tessema S, D\u2019Ortenzio E, Rimoin AW, Hensley LE, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Peeters M, Ahuka-Mundeke S (2025) Clade I mpox virus genomic diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018\u20132024: Predominance of zoonotic transmission. Cell 188(1):4\u201314 e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.017"},{"key":"5242_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101059","volume":"20","author":"DTS Hayman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hayman DTS, Koopmans MPG, Cunningham AA, Bukachi SA, Masirika LM, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC (2025) Mpox: a case study for a one health approach to infectious disease prevention. One Health 20:101059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101059","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"5242_CR91","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Risk Evaluation of clade Ia monkeypox virus: Review of evidence. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/epp\/tag-ve\/mpxv_clade_ia_risk_evaluation.pdf?sfvrsn=2d71916a_7&download=true"},{"key":"5242_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kibungu EM, Vakaniaki EH, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Kalonji-Mukendi T, Pukuta E, Hoff NA, Bogoch II, Cevik M, Gonsalves GS, Hensley LE, Low N, Shaw SY, Schillberg E, Hunter M, Lunyanga L, Linsuke S, Madinga J, Peeters M, Cigolo JM, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Muyembe JJ, Rimoin AW, Kindrachuk J, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Lushima RS (2024) International Mpox Research C Clade I-Associated Mpox Cases Associated with Sexual Contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 30(1):172\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3001.231164","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.231164"},{"key":"5242_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kangbai JB, Saidu E, Foday IK, Kamanda ES, Jaba M, Campbell A, Tia AB, Ruis CM, Subissi L, Halbrook M, Merritt S, Hoff NA, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Liesenborghs L, Bogoch II, Shaw SY, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Rimoin AW, Kindrachuk J (2025) Jun 9 Clinical and epidemiological characteristics among probable and confirmed patients with mpox in Sierra Leone reported from January to May 2025. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.30.25328691","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.30.25328691"},{"key":"5242_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miura F, van Ewijk CE, Backer JA, Xiridou M, Franz E, Op de Coul E, Brandwagt D, van Cleef B, van Rijckevorsel G, Swaan C, van den Hof S, Wallinga J (2022) Estimated incubation period for Monkeypox cases confirmed in the netherlands, May 2022. Euro Surveill 27(24). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200448","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200448"},{"issue":"23","key":"5242_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e1","volume":"71","author":"FS Minhaj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Minhaj FS, Ogale YP, Whitehill F, Schultz J, Foote M, Davidson W, Hughes CM, Wilkins K, Bachmann L, Chatelain R, Donnelly MAP, Mendoza R, Downes BL, Roskosky M, Barnes M, Gallagher GR, Basgoz N, Ruiz V, Kyaw NTT, Feldpausch A, Valderrama A, Alvarado-Ramy F, Dowell CH, Chow CC, Li Y, Quilter L, Brooks J, Daskalakis DC, McClung RP, Petersen BW, Damon I, Hutson C, McQuiston J, Rao AK, Belay E, McCollum AM, Monkeypox Response T (2022) Monkeypox Outbreak - Nine states, May 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(23):764\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1086\/498115","volume":"41","author":"GD Huhn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, Graham MB, Sejvar J, Likos A, Damon IK, Reynolds MG, Kuehnert MJ (2005) Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 41(12):1742\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/498115","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e072410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072410","volume":"378","author":"A Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH, Da Silva Fontoura D, Mason CY, Daunt A, Snell LB, Murphy J, Potter J, Tuudah C, Sundramoorthi R, Abeywickrema M, Pley C, Naidu V, Nebbia G, Aarons E, Botgros A, Douthwaite ST, van Tot Pannerden N, Winslow C, Brown H, Chilton A, Nori D A (2022) Clinical features and novel presentations of human Monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ 378:e072410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-072410","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"32","key":"5242_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e3","volume":"71","author":"D Philpott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Philpott D, Hughes CM, Alroy KA, Kerins JL, Pavlick J, Asbel L, Crawley A, Newman AP, Spencer H, Feldpausch A, Cogswell K, Davis KR, Chen J, Henderson T, Murphy K, Barnes M, Hopkins B, Fill MA, Mangla AT, Perella D, Barnes A, Hughes S, Griffith J, Berns AL, Milroy L, Blake H, Sievers MM, Marzan-Rodriguez M, Tori M, Black SR, Kopping E, Ruberto I, Maxted A, Sharma A, Tarter K, Jones SA, White B, Chatelain R, Russo M, Gillani S, Bornstein E, White SL, Johnson SA, Ortega E, Saathoff-Huber L, Syed A, Wills A, Anderson BJ, Oster AM, Christie A, McQuiston J, McCollum AM, Rao AK, Negron ME, Team CDCMMR (2022) Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Monkeypox cases - United states, May 17-July 22, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(32):1018\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e3","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"19","key":"5242_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2208860","volume":"387","author":"A Gessain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gessain A, Nakoune E, Yazdanpanah Y (2022) Monkeypox. N Engl J Med 387(19):1783\u20131793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2208860","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5242_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21790","volume":"187","author":"A Catala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Catala A, Clavo-Escribano P, Riera-Monroig J, Martin-Ezquerra G, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Revelles-Penas L, Simon-Gozalbo A, Rodriguez-Cuadrado FJ, Castells VG, de la Torre Gomar FJ, Comunion-Artieda A, de Fuertes de Vega L, Blanco JL, Puig S, Garcia-Minarro AM, Fiz Benito E, Munoz-Santos C, Repiso-Jimenez JB, Lopez Llunell C, Ceballos-Rodriguez C, Garcia Rodriguez V, Castano Fernandez JL, Sanchez-Gutierrez I, Calvo-Lopez R, Berna-Rico E, de Nicolas-Ruanes B, Corella Vicente F, Tarin Vicente EJ, de la Fernandez de la Fuente L, Riera-Marti N, Descalzo-Gallego MA, Grau-Perez M, Garcia-Doval I, Fuertes I (2022) Monkeypox outbreak in spain: clinical and epidemiological findings in a prospective cross-sectional study of 185 cases. Br J Dermatol 187(5):765\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.21790","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00651-X","volume":"23","author":"KM Angelo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelo KM, Smith T, Camprubi-Ferrer D, Balerdi-Sarasola L, Diaz Menendez M, Servera-Negre G, Barkati S, Duvignaud A, Huber KLB, Chakravarti A, Bottieau E, Greenaway C, Grobusch MP, Mendes Pedro D, Asgeirsson H, Popescu CP, Martin C, Licitra C, de Frey A, Schwartz E, Beadsworth M, Lloveras S, Larsen CS, Guagliardo SAJ, Whitehill F, Huits R, Hamer DH, Kozarsky P, Libman M, GeoSentinel Network C (2023) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with Monkeypox in the geosentinel network: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 23(2):196\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00651-X","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR102","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Clinical Features of Mpox. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/clinical-signs\/index.html. Cited April 19 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00482-6","volume":"24","author":"C Pinnetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pinnetti C, Cimini E, Mazzotta V, Matusali G, Vergori A, Mondi A, Rueca M, Batzella S, Tartaglia E, Bettini A, Notari S, Rubino M, Tempestilli M, Pareo C, Falasca L, Del Nonno F, Scarabello A, Camici M, Gagliardini R, Girardi E, Vaia F, Maggi F, Agrati C, Antinori A (2024) Mpox as AIDS-defining event with a severe and protracted course: clinical, immunological, and virological implications. Lancet Infect Dis 24(2):e127\u2013e135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00482-6","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.221374","volume":"28","author":"JP Caldas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caldas JP, Valdoleiros SR, Rebelo S, Tavares M (2022) Monkeypox after occupational needlestick injury from pustule. Emerg Infect Dis 28(12):2516\u20132519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2812.221374","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002","volume":"40","author":"H Meyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meyer H, Perrichot M, Stemmler M, Emmerich P, Schmitz H, Varaine F, Shungu R, Tshioko F, Formenty P (2002) Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human Monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of congo in 2001. J Clin Microbiol 40(8):2919\u20132921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010384","volume":"17","author":"PR Pittman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pittman PR, Martin JW, Kingebeni PM, Tamfum JM, Mwema G, Wan Q, Ewala P, Alonga J, Bilulu G, Reynolds MG, Quinn X, Norris S, Townsend MB, Satheshkumar PS, Wadding J, Soltis B, Honko A, Guerena FB, Korman L, Patterson K, Schwartz DA, Huggins JW, Kole Human Mpox Infection Study G (2023) Clinical characterization and placental pathology of Mpox infection in hospitalized patients in the Democratic Republic of the congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17(4):e0010384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010384","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5242_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab133","volume":"223","author":"ER Whitehouse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Whitehouse ER, Bonwitt J, Hughes CM, Lushima RS, Likafi T, Nguete B, Kabamba J, Monroe B, Doty JB, Nakazawa Y, Damon I, Malekani J, Davidson W, Wilkins K, Li Y, Radford KW, Schmid DS, Pukuta E, Muyamuna E, Karhemere S, Tamfum JM, Okitolonda EW, McCollum AM, Reynolds MG (2021) Clinical and epidemiological findings from enhanced Monkeypox surveillance in Tshuapa province, Democratic Republic of the congo during 2011\u20132015. J Infect Dis 223(11):1870\u20131878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab133","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5242_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3011.241120","volume":"30","author":"SAJ Guagliardo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guagliardo SAJ, Smith T, Hamer DH, Huits R, Kozarsky P, Libman M, McCollum AM, Angelo KM, GeoSentinel Network C (2024) Analysis of Monkeypox virus exposures and lesions by anatomic site. Emerg Infect Dis 30(11):2381\u20132384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3011.241120","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030616","author":"Y Zong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zong Y, Kamoi K, Zhang J, Yang M, Ohno-Matsui K (2023) Mpox (Monkeypox) and the eye: ocular manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. Viruses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030616","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02525-10","volume":"85","author":"AJ Goff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goff AJ, Chapman J, Foster C, Wlazlowski C, Shamblin J, Lin K, Kreiselmeier N, Mucker E, Paragas J, Lawler J, Hensley L (2011) A novel respiratory model of infection with Monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol 85(10):4898\u20134909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02525-10","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003449","volume":"37","author":"DB Chastain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chastain DB, Motoa G, Ortiz-Martinez Y, Gharamti A, Henao-Martinez AF (2023) Characteristics and clinical manifestations of Monkeypox among people with and without HIV in the united states: a retrospective cohort. AIDS 37(4):611\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003449","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"5242_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101644","volume":"52","author":"JB Badenoch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badenoch JB, Conti I, Rengasamy ER, Watson CJ, Butler M, Hussain Z, Carter B, Rooney AG, Zandi MS, Lewis G, David AS, Houlihan CF, Easton A, Michael BD, Kuppalli K, Nicholson TR, Pollak TA, Rogers JP (2022) Neurological and psychiatric presentations associated with human Monkeypox virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 52:101644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101644","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"10380","key":"5242_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00273-8","volume":"401","author":"O Mitja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitja O, Alemany A, Marks M, Lezama Mora JI, Rodriguez-Aldama JC, Torres Silva MS, Corral Herrera EA, Crabtree-Ramirez B, Blanco JL, Girometti N, Mazzotta V, Hazra A, Silva M, Montenegro-Idrogo JJ, Gebo K, Ghosn J, Pena Vazquez MF, Matos Prado E, Unigwe U, Villar-Garcia J, Wald-Dickler N, Zucker J, Paredes R, Calmy A, Waters L, Galvan-Casas C, Walmsley S, Orkin CM, group S-Nw (2023) Mpox in people with advanced HIV infection: a global case series. Lancet 401(10380):939\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00273-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17500","volume":"63","author":"A Grau-Echevarria","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grau-Echevarria A, Labrandero-Hoyos C, Penuelas-Leal R, Finello M, Blaya-Imbernon D, Magdaleno-Tapial J, Garcia AG, Zafrilla EP, Garcia-Garcia JA, Cuenca LG, Albiach AN, Aguilera Arjona J, Ocete-Mochon MD, Diez-Recio E, Hernandez-Bel P (2024) Prospective observational study on Scar sequelae after MPOX infection: an analysis of 40 patients. Int J Dermatol 63(12):1767\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.17500","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07601-6","volume":"279","author":"P Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hopkins C, Vaira LA (2022) Otolaryngologic manifestations of the ongoing outbreak of human monkeypox: ENT specialists should be on the alert. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 279(12):5975\u20135976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-022-07601-6","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"5242_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010063","author":"E Milano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Milano E, Belati A, De Santis L, Tanese F, Vavallo A, Dachille G, Loconsole D, Bavaro DF, Di Gennaro F, Chironna M, Ditonno P, Saracino A (2022) First case of paraphimosis as a severe complication of monkeypox. Vaccines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11010063","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"5242_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2023.101085","volume":"51","author":"JA Al-Tawfiq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Tawfiq JA, Sah R, Altawfiq KJ, Pan Q (2023) Mpox-associated myopericarditis. New Microbes New Infect 51:101085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2023.101085","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"issue":"13","key":"5242_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2214921","volume":"388","author":"J Alarcon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alarcon J, Kim M, Terashita D, Davar K, Garrigues JM, Guccione JP, Evans MG, Hemarajata P, Wald-Dickler N, Holtom P, Garcia Tome R, Anyanwu L, Shah NK, Miller M, Smith T, Matheny A, Davidson W, Hutson CL, Lucas J, Ukpo OC, Green NM, Balter SE (2023) An Mpox-Related death in the united States. N Engl J Med 388(13):1246\u20131247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2214921","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10370","key":"5242_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","volume":"401","author":"O Mitja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitja O, Ogoina D, Titanji BK, Galvan C, Muyembe JJ, Marks M, Orkin CM (2023) Monkeypox Lancet 401(10370):60\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","journal-title":"Monkeypox Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e572","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00607-1","volume":"12","author":"N Sanchez Clemente","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanchez Clemente N, Coles C, Paixao ES, Brickley EB, Whittaker E, Alfven T, Rulisa S, Agudelo Higuita N, Torpiano P, Agravat P, Thorley EV, Drysdale SB, Le Doare K, Muyembe Tamfum JJ (2024) Paediatric, maternal, and congenital mpox: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 12(4):e572\u2013e588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00607-1","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.04.001","volume":"16","author":"F Amer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amer F, Khalil HES, Elahmady M, ElBadawy NE, Zahran WA, Abdelnasser M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Wegdan AA, Tash RME (2023) Mpox: risks and approaches to prevention. J Infect Public Health 16(6):901\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.04.001","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"5242_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071123","author":"DA Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz DA (2024) High rates of miscarriage and stillbirth among pregnant women with clade I mpox (monkeypox) are confirmed during 2023\u20132024 DR congo outbreak in South Kivu Province. Viruses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16071123","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"14","key":"5242_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2410045","volume":"391","author":"JB Nachega","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nachega JB, Mohr EL, Dashraath P, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Anderson JR, Myer L, Gandhi M, Baud D, Mofenson LM, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Mpox Research C (2024) Mpox in Pregnancy - Risks, vertical transmission, prevention, and treatment. N Engl J Med 391(14):1267\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2410045","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.08.017","volume":"227","author":"P Dashraath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dashraath P, Nielsen-Saines K, Rimoin A, Mattar CNZ, Panchaud A, Baud D (2022) Monkeypox in pregnancy: virology, clinical presentation, and obstetric management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 227(6):849\u2013861e847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.08.017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"44","key":"5242_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7144e1","volume":"71","author":"MJ Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller MJ, Cash-Goldwasser S, Marx GE, Schrodt CA, Kimball A, Padgett K, Noe RS, McCormick DW, Wong JM, Labuda SM, Borah BF, Zulu I, Asif A, Kaur G, McNicholl JM, Kourtis A, Tadros A, Reagan-Steiner S, Ritter JM, Yu Y, Yu P, Clinton R, Parker C, Click ES, Salzer JS, McCollum AM, Petersen B, Minhaj FS, Brown E, Fischer MP, Atmar RL, DiNardo AR, Xu Y, Brown C, Goodman JC, Holloman A, Gallardo J, Siatecka H, Huffman G, Powell J, Alapat P, Sarkar P, Hanania NA, Bruck O, Brass SD, Mehta A, Dretler AW, Feldpausch A, Pavlick J, Spencer H, Ghinai I, Black SR, Hernandez-Guarin LN, Won SY, Shankaran S, Simms AT, Alarcon J, O\u2019Shea JG, Brooks JT, McQuiston J, Honein MA, O\u2019Connor SM, Chatham-Stephens K, O\u2019Laughlin K, Rao AK, Raizes E, Gold JAW, Morris SB, Team CDCSMI (2022) Severe Monkeypox in hospitalized Patients - United states, August 10-October 10, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(44):1412\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7144e1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.08.012","volume":"29","author":"M Mailhe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mailhe M, Beaumont AL, Thy M, Le Pluart D, Perrineau S, Houhou-Fidouh N, Deconinck L, Bertin C, Ferre VM, Cortier M, De La Porte Des, Vaux C, Phung BC, Mollo B, Cresta M, Bouscarat F, Choquet C, Descamps D, Ghosn J, Lescure FX, Yazdanpanah Y, Joly V, Peiffer-Smadja N (2023) Clinical characteristics of ambulatory and hospitalized patients with Monkeypox virus infection: an observational cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 29(2):233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.08.012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"5242_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30564","volume":"10","author":"GR Olivencia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olivencia GR, Garcia MMV, Arribas MV, Casabona J, Martinez MJ, De Novales FJM, Acknowledgments C-SGSG (2024) Hospitalization determinants in patients with Mpox disease: the CEME-22 project. Heliyon 10(9):e30564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30564","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5242_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101710","volume":"54","author":"ME DeWitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeWitt ME, Polk C, Williamson J, Shetty AK, Passaretti CL, McNeil CJ, Fairman RT, Sampson MM, Dalton C, Sanders JW (2022) Global Monkeypox case hospitalisation rates: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 54:101710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101710","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"5242_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masirika LM, Udahemuka JC, Schuele L, Ndishimye P, Otani S, Mbiribindi JB, Marekani JM, Mambo LM, Bubala NM, Boter M, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Lang T, Kalalizi EB, Musabyimana JP, Aarestrup FM, Koopmans M, Oude Munnink BB, Siangoli FB (2024) Ongoing Mpox outbreak in kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with Monkeypox virus of a novel clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the congo, 2024. Euro Surveill 29(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106"},{"issue":"15","key":"5242_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2412439","volume":"392","author":"PW Group","year":"2025","unstructured":"Group PW, Ali R, Alonga J, Biampata JL, Kombozi Basika M, Maljkovic Berry I, Bisento N, Blum E, Bonnett T, Cone K, Crozier I, Davey R, Dilu A, Dodd LE, Gulati I, Hruby D, Ibanda A, Isse F, Kasareka SS, Kayembe G, Kojan R, Luzolo EK, Lane HC, Lawanga L, Liesenborghs L, Shosongo Lunghe C, Lula Y, Lusakibanza M, Lutete GT, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Miranda A, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Mukendi G, Lupola PM, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndungunu R, Nganga B, Ntamabyaliro N, Nussenblatt V, Omulepu I, Omalokoho Onosomba J, Proschan M, Rubenstein K, Saknite I, Schechner A, Shaw-Saliba K, Sivahera B, Smolskis M, Tillman A, Tkaczyk E, Tshimanga C, Tshiani Mbaya O, Tshomba A, Yemba Unda Tshomba F, Vallee D, Vogel S, Weyers S (2025) Tecovirimat for clade I MPXV infection in the Democratic Republic of congo. N Engl J Med 392(15):1484\u20131496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2412439","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5242_CR131","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Mpox Case Definitions. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/case-definitions\/index.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR132","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France (2024) Cas de Mpox en Europe, d\u00e9finitions et conduite \u00e0 tenir. https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/media\/files\/maladies-a-declaration-obligatoire\/definition-de-cas-cat-mpox Cited June 2 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/B09166","volume-title":"Diagnostic testing and testing strategies for mpox: interim guidance, 12 November 2024","author":"O World Health","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Health O (2024) Diagnostic testing and testing strategies for mpox: interim guidance, 12 November 2024. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"5242_CR134","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Guidelines for Collecting and Handling Specimens for Mpox Testing. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/diagnosis-testing\/collecting-specimens.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR135","unstructured":"(ECDC) ECfDpaC (2022) Monkeypox infection prevention and control guidance for primary and acute care settings. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Monkeypox-infection-prevention-and-control-guidance.pdf. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Algarate S, Bueno J, Crusells MJ, Ara M, Alonso H, Alvarado E, Ducons M, Arnal S, Benito R (2023) Usefulness of non-skin samples in the PCR diagnosis of Mpox (Monkeypox). Viruses 15(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15051107","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051107"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3106.250166","volume":"31","author":"E Ishara-Nshombo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ishara-Nshombo E, Somasundaran A, Romero-Ramirez A, Kontogianni K, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Mukoka-Ntumba M, Muhindo-Milonde E, Mirimo-Nguee H, Parkes J, Hussain Y, Gould S, Williams CT, Wooding D, Nkeramahame J, Watson M, Hardwick HE, Semple MG, Baillie JK, Dunning J, Fletcher TE, Edwards T, Emperador DM, Kavunga-Membo H, Cubas-Atienzar AI, Isaric, Investigators C (2025) Diagnostic accuracy of 3 Mpox lateral flow assays for antigen detection, Democratic Republic of the congo and united Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 31(6):1140\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3106.250166","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR138","unstructured":"(ECDC) ECfDPaC (2024) Factsheet for health professionals on mpox. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/all-topics-z\/monkeypox\/factsheet-health-professionals#:~:text=Serological%20tests%20have%20limited%20value,recent%20or%20past%20orthopoxvirus%20infection. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38083","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38083","volume":"15","author":"H Pattnaik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pattnaik H, Surani S, Goyal L, Kashyap R (2023) Making sense of monkeypox: A comparison of other poxviruses to the Monkeypox. Cureus 15(4):e38083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.38083","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29147","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29147","volume":"95","author":"C Mortier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mortier C, Tissot-Dupont H, Cardona F, Bruel C, Lahouel S, Lasri H, Bendamardji K, Boschi C, Parola P, Million M, Colson P, Brouqui P, La Scola B, Lagier JC, Cassir N (2023) How to distinguish Mpox from its mimickers: an observational retrospective cohort study. J Med Virol 95(10):e29147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29147","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5242_CR141","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Clinical considerations for pain m. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/clinical-care\/pain-management.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR142","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Clinical treatment of Mpox. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/clinical-care\/index.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR143","unstructured":"(EMA) EMA (2022) Summary of product characteristics. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/tecovirimat-siga-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR144","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Tecovirimat (TPOXX) for treatment of Mpox. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/clinical-care\/tecovirimat.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR145","unstructured":"(FDA) USFaDA (2018) FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-drug-indication-treatment-smallpox. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.06.005","volume":"168","author":"M Merchlinsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merchlinsky M, Albright A, Olson V, Schiltz H, Merkeley T, Hughes C, Petersen B, Challberg M (2019) The development and approval of tecoviromat (TPOXX((R))), the first antiviral against smallpox. Antiviral Res 168:168\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.06.005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"5242_CR147","unstructured":"(NHS) NHS (2022) Tecovirimat as treatment for patients hospitalised due to monkeypox virus infection. https:\/\/www.cas.mhra.gov.uk\/ViewandAcknowledgment\/ViewAttachment.aspx?Attachment_id=104082. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac377","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac377","volume":"9","author":"WR Matias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matias WR, Koshy JM, Nagami EH, Kovac V, Moeng LR, Shenoy ES, Hooper DC, Madoff LC, Barshak MB, Johnson JA, Rowley CF, Julg B, Hohmann EL, Lazarus JE (2022) Tecovirimat for the treatment of human monkeypox: an initial series from massachusetts, united States. Open Forum Infect Dis 9(8):ofac377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac377","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5242_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.7326\/L22-0300","volume":"175","author":"J Lucar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lucar J, Roberts A, Saardi KM, Yee R, Siegel MO, Palmore TN (2022) Monkeypox Virus-Associated severe proctitis treated with oral tecovirimat: A report of two cases. Ann Intern Med 175(11):1626\u20131627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/L22-0300","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5242_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desai AN, Thompson GR 3rd, Neumeister SM, Arutyunova AM, Trigg K, Cohen SH (2022) Compassionate use of Tecovirimat for the treatment of Monkeypox infection. JAMA 328(13):1348\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.15336","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.15336"},{"issue":"673","key":"5242_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade7646","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade7646","volume":"14","author":"BM Warner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warner BM, Klassen L, Sloan A, Deschambault Y, Soule G, Banadyga L, Cao J, Strong JE, Kobasa D, Safronetz D (2022) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Tecovirimat against a recently emerged 2022 Monkeypox virus isolate. Sci Transl Med 14(673):eade7646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade7646","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"5242_CR152","unstructured":"(NIH) NIoH (2024) NIH study finds tecovirimat was safe but did not improve Mpox resolution or pain. https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/news-events\/nih-study-finds-tecovirimat-was-safe-did-not-improve-mpox-resolution-or-pain. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"5242_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2912.231146","volume":"29","author":"TG Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith TG, Gigante CM, Wynn NT, Matheny A, Davidson W, Yang Y, Condori RE, O\u2019Connell K, Kovar L, Williams TL, Yu YC, Petersen BW, Baird N, Lowe D, Li Y, Satheshkumar PS, Hutson CL (2023) Tecovirimat resistance in Mpox patients, united states, 2022\u20132023. Emerg Infect Dis 29(12):2426\u20132432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2912.231146","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5242_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-3542(02)00196-1","volume":"57","author":"RO Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker RO, Bray M, Huggins JW (2003) Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, Monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. Antiviral Res 57(1\u20132):13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-3542(02)00196-1","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"7077","key":"5242_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04295","volume":"439","author":"KJ Stittelaar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stittelaar KJ, Neyts J, Naesens L, van Amerongen G, van Lavieren RF, Holy A, De Clercq E, Niesters HG, Fries E, Maas C, Mulder PG, van der Zeijst BA, Osterhaus AD (2006) Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal Monkeypox virus infection. Nature 439(7077):745\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04295","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00044-0","volume":"23","author":"A Stafford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stafford A, Rimmer S, Gilchrist M, Sun K, Davies EP, Waddington CS, Chiu C, Armstrong-James D, Swaine T, Davies F, Gomez CHM, Kumar V, ElHaddad A, Awad Z, Smart C, Mora-Peris B, Muir D, Randell P, Peters J, Chand M, Warrell CE, Rampling T, Cooke G, Dhanji S, Campbell V, Davies C, Osman S, Abbara A (2023) Use of Cidofovir in a patient with severe Mpox and uncontrolled HIV infection. Lancet Infect Dis 23(6):e218\u2013e226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00044-0","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28218","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28218","volume":"95","author":"AR Raccagni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raccagni AR, Candela C, Bruzzesi E, Mileto D, Canetti D, Rizzo A, Castagna A, Nozza S (2023) Real-life use of Cidofovir for the treatment of severe Monkeypox cases. J Med Virol 95(1):e28218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28218","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1247","volume":"39","author":"KC Cundy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cundy KC, Petty BG, Flaherty J, Fisher PE, Polis MA, Wachsman M, Lietman PS, Lalezari JP, Hitchcock MJ, Jaffe HS (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics of Cidofovir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39(6):1247\u20131252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1247","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"5242_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.09.038","volume":"25","author":"FM Marty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marty FM, Winston DJ, Chemaly RF, Mullane KM, Shore TB, Papanicolaou GA, Chittick G, Brundage TM, Wilson C, Morrison ME, Foster SA, Nichols WG, Boeckh MJ, Group STCS (2019) A randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled phase 3 trial of oral brincidofovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl 25(2):369\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.09.038","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transpl"},{"issue":"10414","key":"5242_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01673-2","volume":"402","author":"P Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li P, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA, Pan Q (2023) Preventing drug resistance: combination treatment for Mpox. Lancet 402(10414):1750\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01673-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5242_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hutson CL, Kondas AV, Mauldin MR, Doty JB, Grossi IM, Morgan CN, Ostergaard SD, Hughes CM, Nakazawa Y, Kling C, Martin BE, Ellison JA, Carroll DS, Gallardo-Romero NF, Olson VA (2021) Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a potential smallpox therapeutic, brincidofovir, in a lethal Monkeypox virus animal model. mSphere 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00927-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00927-20"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003614","volume":"43","author":"CR Croasdale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Croasdale CR, Weinlander E, Boyce TG (2024) Mpox keratitis: A case report and review. Cornea 43(10):1319\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003614","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"5242_CR163","unstructured":"Expanded Access IND Protocol: use of vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV, CNJ-016) for treatment of human orthopoxvirus infection in adults and centers for disease control and prevention, children (2025) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/media\/pdfs\/2024\/08\/VIGIV-Protocol.pdf. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"5242_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac971","volume":"76","author":"AK Thet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thet AK, Kelly PJ, Kasule SN, Shah AK, Chawala A, Latif A, Chilimuri SS, Zeana CB (2023) The use of vaccinia immune Globulin in the treatment of severe mpox. Virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus\/aids. Clin Infect Dis 76(9):1671\u20131673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac971","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","volume":"17","author":"PE Fine","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H (1988) The transmission potential of Monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 17(3):643\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00664-8","volume":"23","author":"JC Taube","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taube JC, Rest EC, Lloyd-Smith JO, Bansal S (2023) The global landscape of smallpox vaccination history and implications for current and future orthopoxvirus susceptibility: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 23(4):454\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00664-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"See KC (2022) Vaccination for monkeypox virus infection in humans: a review of key considerations. Vaccines (Basel) 10(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10081342","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081342"},{"key":"5242_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf074","author":"N Okumura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okumura N, Morino E, Nomoto H, Yanagi M, Takahashi K, Iwasaki H, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Mizushima D, Fukushima K, Kinai E, Shiojiri D, Itoda I, Onoe Y, Kobori Y, Nakamura F, Tokita D, Sugiura W, Ueno S, Ainai A, Mine S, Suzuki T, Ohmagari N, Ujiie M (2025) LC16m8 for Pre-exposure prophylaxis against Mpox in a High-Risk population: an Open-Label randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf074","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5242_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2198600","volume":"22","author":"BE Katamesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katamesh BE, Madany M, Labieb F, Abdelaal A (2023) Monkeypox pandemic containment: does the ACAM2000 vaccine play a role in the current outbreaks? Expert Rev Vaccines 22(1):366\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2023.2198600","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"14","key":"5242_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7805","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03481-12","volume":"87","author":"GJ Hatch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hatch GJ, Graham VA, Bewley KR, Tree JA, Dennis M, Taylor I, Funnell SG, Bate SR, Steeds K, Tipton T, Bean T, Hudson L, Atkinson DJ, McLuckie G, Charlwood M, Roberts AD, Vipond J (2013) Assessment of the protective effect of imvamune and Acam2000 vaccines against aerosolized Monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol 87(14):7805\u20137815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.03481-12","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"25","key":"5242_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.06.021","volume":"42","author":"L Pischel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pischel L, Martini BA, Yu N, Cacesse D, Tracy M, Kharbanda K, Ahmed N, Patel KM, Grimshaw AA, Malik AA, Goshua G, Omer SB (2024) Vaccine effectiveness of 3rd generation Mpox vaccines against Mpox and disease severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 42(25):126053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.06.021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5242_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Dijck C, Berens-Riha N, Zaeck LM, Bracke S, Verschueren J, Coppens J, Vanroye F, Willems E, Bosman E, De Cock N, Smekens B, Vandenhove L, Goovaerts O, Van Hul A, Wouters J, Kremer C, Jacobs B, Hens M, Brosius I, De Vos E, Bangwen E, Houben S, Lopes Ferreira Dantas PH, Soentjens P, Bottieau E, Kenyon C, van Griensven J, Reyniers T, Horst N, Ari\u00ebn KK, Van Esbroeck M, Torneri A, Vercauteren K, Adriaensen W, de Vries RD, Mari\u00ebn J, Liesenborghs L (2025) Long-term clinical, virological and immunological consequences of Mpox virus infection or modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccination: a 24-month prospective cohort study (Preprint). MedRxiv:2025.2005.2021.25327977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.21.25327977","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.21.25327977"},{"issue":"10","key":"5242_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac455","volume":"227","author":"H Ilchmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ilchmann H, Samy N, Reichhardt D, Schmidt D, Powell JD, Meyer TPH, Silbernagl G, Nichols R, Weidenthaler H, De Moerlooze L, Chen L, Chaplin P (2023) One- and Two-Dose vaccinations with modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian nordic induce durable B-Cell memory responses comparable to replicating smallpox vaccines. J Infect Dis 227(10):1203\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac455","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Priyamvada L, Minhaj FS, Carson WC, Moriarty M, Rodriguez S, Joseph T, Pukuta E, Muyamuna E, Kabamba J, Likafi T, Kokola G, Lushima RS, Tamfum J-JM, Hughes CM, Petersen BW, Yu Y, Rao AK, McCollum AM, Kaba DK, Nguete BU, Satheshkumar PS, Townsend MB (2025) MVA-BN third-dose 5 years after primary; democratic Republic of the Congo (Preprint). MedRxiv:2025.2006.2006.25329130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.06.06.25329130","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.06.25329130"},{"key":"5242_CR175","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7aise R (2024) Mpox: quelles sont les nouvelles recommandations vaccinales ? https:\/\/www.service-public.fr\/particuliers\/actualites\/A17787. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR176","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of Vaccine for Mpox Prevention in the United States. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/vaccine-considerations\/vaccination-overview.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"39","key":"5242_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.075","volume":"33","author":"SE Frey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frey SE, Wald A, Edupuganti S, Jackson LA, Stapleton JT, El Sahly H, El-Kamary SS, Edwards K, Keyserling H, Winokur P, Keitel W, Hill H, Goll JB, Anderson EL, Graham IL, Johnston C, Mulligan M, Rouphael N, Atmar R, Patel S, Chen W, Kotloff K, Creech CB, Chaplin P, Belshe RB (2015) Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naive subjects. Vaccine 33(39):5225\u20135234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.075","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5242_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazzotta V, Piselli P, Cozzi Lepri A, Matusali G, Cimini E, Esvan R, Colavita F, Gagliardini R, Notari S, Oliva A, Meschi S, Casetti R, Micheli G, Bordi L, Giacinta A, Grassi G, Gebremeskel Tekle S, Cimaglia C, Paulicelli J, Caioli A, Galli P, Del Duca G, Lichtner M, Sarmati L, Tamburrini E, Mastroianni C, Latini A, Faccendini P, Fontana C, Nicastri E, Siddu A, Barca A, Vaia F, Girardi E, Maggi F, Antinori A, Group MVLS (2024) Reactogenicity and immunogenicity against MPXV of the intradermal administration of modified vaccinia Ankara compared to the standard subcutaneous route. Vaccines (Basel) 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13010032","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010032"},{"key":"5242_CR179","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) WHO prequalifies the first vaccine against mpox. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/13-09-2024-who-prequalifies-the-first-vaccine-against-mpox. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR180","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Mpox Vaccination. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/vaccines\/index.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR181","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Prevention strategies for Mpox, including vaccinating people at risk via sexual exposure, for U.S. travelers visiting countries with clade I Mpox outbreaks. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/han\/2024\/han00516.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.12.066","volume":"42","author":"JB Rosen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosen JB, Arciuolo RJ, Pathela P, Boyer CB, Baumgartner J, Latash J, Malec L, Lee EH, Reddy V, King R, Edward Real J, Lipsitch M, Zucker JR (2024) JYNNEOS effectiveness as post-exposure prophylaxis against mpox: challenges using real-world outbreak data. Vaccine 42(3):548\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.12.066","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5242_CR183","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Isolation and Infection Control At Home. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/infection-control\/at-home.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"key":"5242_CR184","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025) Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/hcp\/infection-control\/healthcare-settings.html. Cited April 21 2025"},{"issue":"35","key":"5242_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7135e1","volume":"71","author":"KP Delaney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delaney KP, Sanchez T, Hannah M, Edwards OW, Carpino T, Agnew-Brune C, Renfro K, Kachur R, Carnes N, DiNenno EA, Lansky A, Ethier K, Sullivan P, Baral S, Oster AM (2022) Strategies adopted by gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men to prevent Monkeypox virus Transmission - United states, August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(35):1126\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7135e1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"5242_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02423-3","volume":"51","author":"RD Hubach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hubach RD, Owens C (2022) Findings on the monkeypox exposure mitigation strategies employed by men who have sex with men and transgender women in the United States. Arch Sex Behav 51(8):3653\u20133658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02423-3","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"35","key":"5242_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7135e2","volume":"71","author":"IH Spicknall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spicknall IH, Pollock ED, Clay PA, Oster AM, Charniga K, Masters N, Nakazawa YJ, Rainisch G, Gundlapalli AV, Gift TL (2022) Modeling the impact of sexual networks in the transmission of Monkeypox virus among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men - United states, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(35):1131\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7135e2","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"5242_CR188","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010\u20132016) Weekly bulletin on outbreaks and other emergencies \u2013 WHO African Region. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/disease-outbreaks\/outbreaks-and-other-emergencies-updates. Cited May 4 2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114328","volume":"123","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Arita I, Mutombo M, Dunn C, Nakano JH, Szczeniowski M (1986) Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 123(6):1004\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114328","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.551","volume":"154","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Marennikova SS, Mutumbo M, Nakano JH, Paluku KM, Szczeniowski M (1986) Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients. J Infect Dis 154(4):551\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.551","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.010311","volume":"7","author":"YJ Hutin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, Szczeniowski MV, Esposito JJ (2001) Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7(3):434\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0703.010311","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.012","volume":"101","author":"S Akar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akar S, Adesola YO, Akar S, Burga J, Oluwafemi B, Akinrogbe J, Ihekweazu C (2020) Descriptive epidemiology of Monkeypox in Nigeria, September 2017\u2013June 2019. Int J Infect Dis 101:219\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.012","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5242_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae105","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae105","volume":"11","author":"G Ramirez-Olivencia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramirez-Olivencia G, Velasco Arribas M, Vera Garcia MM, Casabona J, Martinez MJ, Membrillo De Novales FJ, Group C-S (2024) Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the 2022 Mpox outbreak in Spain (CEME-22 Study). Open Forum Infect Dis 11(3):ofae105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae105","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Supplement2","key":"5242_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad600","volume":"229","author":"C Lucero-Obusan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lucero-Obusan C, Oda G, Schirmer P, Edson C, Trevino C, Elbeik T, Holodniy M (2024) Epidemiology of the 2022 Mpox outbreak in the US veterans health administration. J Infect Dis 229(Supplement2):S172\u2013S180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiad600","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahi M, Fouere S, Gilbert M, Bachelard A, Taieb F, Sellem B, Herms F, Cazanave C, Valin N, Monsel G, Yazdanpanah Y, Ghosn J, Peiffer-Smadja N (2024) group MPVS Monkeypox clade IIb in France in 2023\u20132024. Lancet Reg Health Eur 47:101114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101114"},{"key":"5242_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Notes from the field: Clade II Mpox surveillance update \u2014 United States, October 2023\u2013April 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/73\/wr\/mm7320a4.htm. Cited May 4 2025","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a4"},{"issue":"4","key":"5242_CR197","first-page":"459","volume":"66","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M (1988) Clinico-epidemiological features of Monkeypox patients with an animal or human source of infection. Bull World Health Organ 66(4):459\u2013464","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"36","key":"5242_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7136a1","volume":"71","author":"KG Curran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Curran KG, Eberly K, Russell OO, Snyder RE, Phillips EK, Tang EC, Peters PJ, Sanchez MA, Hsu L, Cohen SE, Sey EK, Yin S, Foo C, Still W, Mangla A, Saafir-Callaway B, Barrineau-Vejjajiva L, Meza C, Burkhardt E, Smith ME, Murphy PA, Kelly NK, Spencer H, Tabidze I, Pacilli M, Swain CA, Bogucki K, DelBarba C, Rajulu DT, Dailey A, Ricaldi J, Mena LA, Daskalakis D, Bachmann LH, Brooks JT, Oster AM, Monkeypox HIV, Team STI (2022) HIV and sexually transmitted infections among persons with Monkeypox - eight U.S. jurisdictions, May 17-July 22, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(36):1141\u20131147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7136a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"5242_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yinka-Ogunleye A, Dalhat M, Akinpelu A, Aruna O, Garba F, Ahmad A, Adeleye A, Botson I, Oluwafemi B, Ogunbode O, Amao L, Ekripo U, Aliyu GG, Adetifa I, Ihekweazu C, Abubakar I (2023) Mpox (monkeypox) risk and mortality associated with HIV infection: a National case-control study in Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 8(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013126","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013126"},{"issue":"10472","key":"5242_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02353-5","volume":"405","author":"CG Beiras","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beiras CG, Malembi E, Escrig-Sarreta R, Ahuka S, Mbala P, Mavoko HM, Subissi L, Abecasis AB, Marks M, Mitja O (2025) Concurrent outbreaks of Mpox in Africa-an update. Lancet 405(10472):86\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02353-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"49","key":"5242_CR201","first-page":"1168","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) Human monkeypox \u2014 Kasai oriental, Democratic Republic of congo, February 1996-October 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46(49):1168\u20131171","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"5242_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150579","volume":"22","author":"LD Nolen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, Doty J, Hughes CM, Kabamba J, Malekani J, Bomponda PL, Lokota JI, Balilo MP, Likafi T, Lushima RS, Ilunga BK, Nkawa F, Pukuta E, Karhemere S, Tamfum JJ, Nguete B, Wemakoy EO, McCollum AM, Reynolds MG (2016) Extended human-to-human transmission during a Monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 22(6):1014\u20131021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2206.150579","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5242_CR203","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Risk evaluation of clade Ib monkeypox virus: Review of evidence. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/risk-evaluation-of-clade-1b-monkeypox-virus-review-of-evidence. Cited May 4 2025"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05242-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05242-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05242-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:04:10Z","timestamp":1763413450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05242-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05242-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Fig.\u00a03.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}