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In this work, we established gut colonization in\n                      <jats:italic>Zophobas morio<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae (\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L) using an OXA-48-producing\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ST198 strain (\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1) and assessed the commercial\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacteriophage cocktail (\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bc) for decolonization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L were fed with food contaminated with\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 (\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bc-susceptible) for 3 days and then maintained on a non-contaminated diet until day 14 (T14). At T3,\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L were grouped in untreated, dPBS- or\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bc-treated (oral force-feeding on T3 and T5). At specified intervals,\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L were sampled for quantification and characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 (antibiotic\/\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bc susceptibility and whole-genome sequencing).\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L microbiota was also investigated by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L were rapidly colonized by\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 across all groups (T3: 4.3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL). Untreated and dPBS-treated larvae remained consistently colonized (T10: 3.4\u20139.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL; T14: 2.9\u20135.9\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL), whereas\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bc treatment induced a significant\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 regrowth (T10: 4.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 vs. controls).\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 strains recovered under different conditions between T7 and T14 did not show phenotypic and genotypic changes. Bacteriophages administration resulted in reduced relative abundance of potential bacterial competitors of\n                      <jats:italic>Sk<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 (i.e.,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudocitrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Zm<\/jats:italic>\n                      L can be used as a new in vivo model of intestinal colonization with\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However,\n                      <jats:italic>INTESTI<\/jats:italic>\n                      bc administration failed to achieve decolonization and instead promoted hazardous overgrowth of the inoculated pathogen. These findings highlight the need for further investigations to clarify the therapeutic potential or possible risks of broad-spectrum bacteriophage cocktails against intestinal infections\/colonization caused by hyperepidemic\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      clones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05275-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T15:45:05Z","timestamp":1761234305000},"page":"363-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A commercial bacteriophage cocktail failed to decolonize Zophobas morio larvae and promoted overgrowth of an OXA-48-producing Salmonella enterica"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Aldeia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar I.","family":"Campos-Madueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Endimiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5275_CR1","volume":"6","author":"R Raju","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raju R, O\u2019Neil L, Kerr C, Lehri B, Sarkar S, Soni T, Nguipdop-Djomo P, Conan A, Tu ND, Hung TTM, Hay M, Falconer J, Tomley F, Blake D, Fournie G, Ajjampur SSR, Mangtani P, Stabler R (2024) Non-typhoidal Salmonella in humans in India, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka: a systematic review. 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