{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T09:05:20Z","timestamp":1780909520767,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05334-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:49:38Z","timestamp":1761896978000},"page":"593-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rising incidence of invasive bacterial infections in Belgium following the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9433-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lize","family":"Cuypers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9500-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"van Kleef - van Koeveringe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley","family":"Mattheus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9307-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Martiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrien","family":"Lagrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2137-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerle","family":"Matheeussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4338-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Desmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"5334_CR1","unstructured":"Notifiable infectious diseases \u2013 list of mandatory notifications can (2025) be consulted for the different regions via https:\/\/www.sciensano.be\/en\/projects\/notifiable-infectious-diseases.\u00a0Accessed 26 May"},{"key":"5334_CR2","unstructured":"WHO bacterial priority pathogens list (2024) \u2013 via https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240093461. Accessed 26 May 2025"},{"key":"5334_CR3","unstructured":"WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage (2025) 2023 revision \u2013 numbers Belgium - https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/country-profiles\/immunization\/2024-country-profiles\/immunization-2024-bel.pdf?sfvrsn=e777f 93d_3&download=true. Accessed 26 May\u00a0"},{"issue":"4","key":"5334_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00241-3","volume":"7","author":"D Shaw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaw D, Abad Torreblanca R, Amin-Chowdhury Z et al (2025) The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance. Lancet Digit Health 7(4):e275\u2013e281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00241-3","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5334_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30173-0","volume":"21","author":"S Desmet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desmet S, Lagrou K, Wyndham-Thomas C et al (2021) Dynamic changes in paediatric invasive pneumococcal disease after sequential switches of conjugate vaccine in belgium: a national retrospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 21(1):127\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30173-0","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5334_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160429","volume":"11","author":"G Muyldermans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muyldermans G, Ducoffre G, Leroy M et al (2016) Surveillance of infectious diseases by the Sentinel laboratory network in Belgium: 30 years of continuous improvement. PLoS ONE 11(8):e0160429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0160429","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5334_CR7","unstructured":"van Kleef-van Koeveringe S, De Koster S, Matheeussen V (2025) National Reference Centre for invasive B-hemolytic streptococci non group B \u2013 report 2012\u20132024 \u2013 via https:\/\/www.sciensano.be\/en\/nrc-nrl\/national-reference-center-nrc-streptococcus-pyogenes-and-other-beta-hemolytic-streptococci-non-group.\u00a0Accessed 29 Sept"},{"key":"5334_CR8","unstructured":"Jacquinet S, Mattheus W, Carrillo P et al (2024) Epidemiologische surveillance van invasieve meningokokkeninfecties, Neisseria Meningitidis \u2013 Year report 2024 \u2013 via https:\/\/www.sciensano.be\/en\/biblio\/epidemiologische-surveillance-van-invasieve-meningokokkeninfecties-neisseria-meningitidis-2024.\u00a0Accessed 7 Oct 2025"},{"key":"5334_CR9","unstructured":"Statbel (2025) Belgium in figures \u2013 structure of the Belgian population \u2013 via https:\/\/statbel.fgov.be\/en\/themes\/population\/structure-population#panel-14.\u00a0Accessed 26 Sept"},{"issue":"6","key":"5334_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7","volume":"3","author":"AB Brueggemann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brueggemann AB, van Jansen MJ, Shaw D et al (2021) Changes in incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data. Lancet Digit Health 3(6):e360\u2013e370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"5334_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e582","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00108-5","volume":"5","author":"D Shaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaw D, Abad R, Amin-Chowdhury Z et al (2023) Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS consortium. Lancet Digit Health 5(9):e582\u2013e593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00108-5","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"5334_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaw D, Abad R, Almeida S et al (2025) Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive bacterial diseases across 27 countries and territories: prospective surveillance by the IRIS consortium. medRxiv. ; posted July 11th. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.07.10.25331197","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.10.25331197"},{"issue":"4","key":"5334_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0261","volume":"121","author":"R Singer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singer R, Abu Sin M, Tenenbaum T et al (2024) The increase in invasive bacterial infections with respiratory transmission in Germany, 2022\/2023. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121(4):114\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0261","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"36","key":"5334_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.36.2300422","volume":"28","author":"JP Rodriguez-Ruiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Ruiz JP, Lin Q, Lammens C et al (2023) Increase in bloodstream infections caused by emm1 group A Streptococcus correlates with emergence of toxigenic M1UK, Belgium, May 2022 to August 2023. Euro Surveill 28(36):2300422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.36.2300422","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"5334_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01249-7","volume":"14","author":"M Peetermans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peetermans M, Matheeussen V, Moerman C et al (2024) Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of critically ill patients with invasive group A Streptococcus infections: a Belgian multicenter case-series. Ann Intensive Care 14(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-024-01249-7","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"5334_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127763","volume":"64","author":"L Cuypers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cuypers L, Dambre C, Desmet S (2025) Exceptional high number of IPD cases in winter season 2024\u20132025 in Belgium in concomitance with rise in vaccine serotypes. Vaccine 64:127763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127763","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5334_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.825427","volume":"11","author":"L Willen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willen L, Ekinci E, Cuypers L et al (2022) Infant pneumococcal carriage in Belgium not affected by COVID-19 containment measures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:825427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.825427","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05334-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05334-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05334-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T13:43:42Z","timestamp":1773409422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05334-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05334-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All four institutes are appointed as national reference centre for the respective invasive bacterial infections, for which the role to perform epidemiological surveillance is described in the Royal Decree of February 9, 2011.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}