{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T15:57:39Z","timestamp":1777219059859,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05364-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:54:42Z","timestamp":1767966882000},"page":"1105-1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High dose of rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouquan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Qing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"5364_CR1","unstructured":"WHO|Global (2024) tuberculosis report WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"5364_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000069","volume":"1","author":"PJ Dodd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dodd PJ, Osman M, Cresswell FV et al (2021) The global burden of tuberculous meningitis in adults: a modelling study. PLoS Glob Public Health 1(12):e0000069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000069. (Published 2021 Dec 8)","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5364_CR3","unstructured":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment (2022) update https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240063129"},{"issue":"9","key":"5364_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e194","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir184","volume":"52","author":"J van Ingen","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Ingen J, Aarnoutse RE, Donald PR et al (2011) Why do we use 600 mg of Rifampicin in tuberculosis treatment? Clin Infect Dis 52(9):e194\u2013e199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir184","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5364_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90077-W","volume":"73","author":"SL Chan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chan SL, Yew WW, Ma WK et al (1992) The early bactericidal activity of rifabutin measured by sputum viable counts in Hong Kong patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberc Lung Dis 73(1):33\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90077-W","journal-title":"Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5364_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200411-1557OC","volume":"172","author":"FA Sirgel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sirgel FA, Fourie PB, Donald PR et al (2005) The early bactericidal activities of Rifampin and rifapentine in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172(1):128\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200411-1557OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5364_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507062","volume":"374","author":"AD Heemskerk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heemskerk AD, Bang ND, Mai NT et al (2016) Intensified antituberculosis therapy in adults with tuberculous meningitis. N Engl J Med 374(2):124\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1507062","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5364_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01014-18","volume":"62","author":"S Dian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dian S, Yunivita V, Ganiem AR et al (2018) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II dose-finding study to evaluate high-dose rifampin for tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62(12):e01014-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.01014-18","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"5364_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab162","volume":"73","author":"FV Cresswell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cresswell FV, Meya DB, Kagimu E et al (2021) High-dose oral and intravenous rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in predominantly Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive Ugandan adults: a phase II open-label randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 73(5):876\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab162","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5364_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M et al (2016) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation [published correction appears in BMJ. ;354:i4086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i4086]. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647. Published 2015 Jan 2. doi:10.1136\/bmj.g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4086]"},{"key":"5364_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","volume":"343","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Altman DG, G\u00f8tzsche PC et al (2011) The Cochrane collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343:d5928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d5928. Published 2011 Oct 18","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7650","key":"5364_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE et al (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336(7650):924\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"5364_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70264-5","volume":"13","author":"R Ruslami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruslami R, Ganiem AR, Dian S et al (2013) Intensified regimen containing rifampicin and moxifloxacin for tuberculous meningitis: an open-label, randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 13(1):27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70264-5","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5364_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.016","volume":"48","author":"V Yunivita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yunivita V, Dian S, Ganiem AR et al (2016) Pharmacokinetics and safety\/tolerability of higher oral and intravenous doses of rifampicin in adult tuberculous meningitis patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 48(4):415\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.016","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"4","key":"5364_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1783","volume":"107","author":"J Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding J, Thuy Thuong Thuong N, Pham TV et al (2020) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intensive antituberculosis treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 107(4):1023\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.1783","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"5364_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac932","volume":"76","author":"AG Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis AG, Wasserman S, Stek C et al (2023) A phase 2A trial of the safety and tolerability of increased dose rifampicin and adjunctive linezolid, with or without aspirin, for human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculous meningitis: the LASER-TBM trial. Clin Infect Dis 76(8):1412\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac932","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5364_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.120","volume":"13","author":"RJ Wilkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilkinson RJ, Rohlwink U, Misra UK et al (2017) Tuberculous meningitis. Nat Rev Neurol 13(10):581\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.120","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5364_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0119-x","volume":"19","author":"SK Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain SK, Tobin DM, Tucker EW et al (2018) Tuberculous meningitis: a roadmap for advancing basic and translational research. Nat Immunol 19(6):521\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-018-0119-x","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5364_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01474-06","volume":"51","author":"AH Diacon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Diacon AH, Patientia RF, Venter A et al (2007) Early bactericidal activity of high-dose Rifampin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis evidenced by positive sputum smears. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51(8):2994\u20132996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.01474-06","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"5364_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03931-14","volume":"59","author":"E Chigutsa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chigutsa E, Pasipanodya JG, Visser ME et al (2015) Impact of nonlinear interactions of pharmacokinetics and mics on sputum bacillary kill rates as a marker of sterilizing effect in tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59(1):38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.03931-14","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"5364_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1071","volume":"71","author":"EM Svensson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Svensson EM, Dian S, Te Brake L et al (2020) Model-based meta-analysis of rifampicin exposure and mortality in Indonesian tuberculous meningitis trials. Clin Infect Dis 71(8):1817\u20131823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz1071","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"5364_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI155851","volume":"132","author":"CA Ruiz-Bedoya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Mota F, Tucker EW et al (2022) High-dose rifampin improves bactericidal activity without increased intracerebral inflammation in animal models of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Invest 132(6):e155851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI155851","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"5364_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002244.pub3","volume":"1","author":"K Prasad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prasad K, Singh MB (2008) Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002244.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5364_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.2.183","volume":"84","author":"JG Hakim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hakim JG, Ternouth I, Mushangi E et al (2000) Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of adjunctive prednisolone in the treatment of effusive tuberculous pericarditis in HIV seropositive patients. Heart 84(2):183\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heart.84.2.183PMID: 10908256; PMCID: PMC1760932","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"15","key":"5364_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216218","volume":"389","author":"J Donovan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donovan J, Bang ND, Imran D et al (2023) Adjunctive dexamethasone for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-Positive adults. N Engl J Med 389(15):1357\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2216218PMID: 37819954; PMCID: PMC7615197","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5364_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632119","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632119","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jiang T, Li A et al (2021) Adjunct therapy for CD4\u2009+\u2009T-cell recovery, inflammation and immune activation in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 12:632119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632119. (PMID: 33679779; PMCID: PMC7925844)","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"28","key":"5364_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002244","volume":"4","author":"K Prasad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prasad K, Singh MB, Ryan H (2016) Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4(28):CD002244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002244","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5364_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13555","volume":"47","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y, Wang T, He K, Xue J, Wang X, Liang J (2022) High-dose rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharm Ther 47(4):445\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpt.13555","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05364-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05364-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05364-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:34:11Z","timestamp":1776350051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05364-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05364-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Our study was approved by Ethics Committee on Biomedical Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations"}},{"value":"This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}]}}