{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:14:55Z","timestamp":1790795695627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05380-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:13:08Z","timestamp":1767618788000},"page":"1031-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fatal Streptococcus pyogenes infections in Spain, Turkey, UK and Belgium after pandemics: a comprehensive case series combining microbiology with autopsy findings. A study of the ESCMID study group for forensic and post-mortem microbiology (ESGFOR)."],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Veroniek","family":"Saegeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Fernandez-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihan","family":"Ziyade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta C.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"5380_CR1","unstructured":"Increase in Invasive Group A streptococcal infections among children in Europe, including fatalities. Press release ECDC, 12 Dec 2022, Accessed July 11, 2025 } } https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/increase-invasive-group-streptococcal-infections-among-children-europe-including}"},{"issue":"20","key":"5380_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0127","volume":"121","author":"E Goldberg-Bockhorn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldberg-Bockhorn E, Hagemann B, Furitsch M, Hoffmann TK (2024) Invasive group A Streptococcal infections in Europe after the COVID-19 pandemic. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121(20):673\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0127","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"5380_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00fcmke LM, Davies MA, van der Vestjen BCL, Bril-Keijzers WC et al (2024) Nationwide upsurge in invasive disease in the context of longitudinal surveillance of carriage and invasive Streptococcus pyogenes 2009\u20132023, the netherlands: a molecular epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 62(10):e00766\u2013e00724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00766-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00766-24"},{"key":"5380_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagy A, Reyes J, Chiasson DA (2022) Fatal Pediatric Streptococcal Infection: A \u2014Pathological Study. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 25 (4):409\u2009\u2013\u2009418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10935266211064696","DOI":"10.1177\/10935266211064696"},{"key":"5380_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101851]","volume":"50","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Abe H, Makino Y et al (2021) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome with fatal outcome: report on four forensic autopsy cases. Leg Med 50:101851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101851]","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"5380_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burton J, Saegeman V, Arribi A, Rello J, Andreoletti L, Cohen M, Fernandez-Rodriguez A (2019) Postmortem microbiology sampling following death in hospital: an ESGFOR task force consensus statement. J Clin Pathol 72 (5):329\u2013336 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2018-205365 }","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2018-205365"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5380_CR7.1","unstructured":"TheBaroness Helena Kennedy QC (2016) Sudden unexpected death in infancy and childhood. Multi-agency guidelines for care and investigation. The Royal College of Pathologists. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.2d ed, November 2016"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5380_CR7.2","unstructured":", Accessed 25 October 2025 https:\/\/www.rcpath.org\/static\/874ae50e-c754-4933-995a804e0ef728a4\/Sudden-unexpected-death-in-infancy-and-childhood-2e.pdf"},{"key":"5380_CR8","first-page":"570","volume":"25","author":"A Fernandez-Rodriguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Burton JL, Andreoletti L, Alberola J, Fornes P, Merino I, Castillo P, Sampaio-Maia B, Caldas IM, Saegeman V, Cohen MC, ESGFOR and ESP (2019) Postmortem microbiology in sudden death: sampling protocols proposed in different clinical settings. CMI 25:570\u2013557","journal-title":"CMI"},{"key":"5380_CR9","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez A, Alberola J, Cohen MC (2012) An\u00e1lisis microbiol\u00f3gico postmortem. Procedimientos en Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica n\u00ba43. SEIMC. www.seimc.org\/documentos\/protocolos\/microbiologia\/cap43.asp. ISBN- 978-84-616-0446-3"},{"key":"5380_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prtak L, Al-Adnani M, Fenton P, Kudesia G, Cohen MC (2010) Contribution of bacteriology and virology in sudden unexpected death in infancy. Arch Dis Child 95(5):371\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2009.162792 }","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.162792"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"5380_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.030","volume":"220","author":"B Morentin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morentin B, Su\u00e1rez-Mier MP, Aguilera B, Arrieta J, Audicana C, Fernandez-Rodriguez A (2012) Clinicopathological features of sudden unexpected infectious death: population-based study in children and young adults. Forensic Sci Int 220(1\u20133):80\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.030Epub 2012 Feb 24. PMID: 22366208)","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5380_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac281","volume":"9","author":"KM Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller KM, Lamagni T, Cherian T, Cannon JW, Parks T, Adegbola RA, Pickering J, Barnett T, Engel ME, Manning L, Bowen AC, Carapetis JR, Moore HC, Barth DD, Kaslow DC (2022) Standardization of epidemiological surveillance of invasive group A Streptococcal infections. Open Forum Infect Dis 9(Suppl 1):S31\u2013S40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac281. BenedenCA","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5380_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdip.2006.07.005","volume":"3","author":"JA Morris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morris JA, Harrison LM, Partridge SM (2007) Practical and theoretical aspects of postmortem bacteriology. Curr Diagn Pathol 3(1):65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cdip.2006.07.005","journal-title":"Curr Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5380_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.028183","volume":"59","author":"JA Morris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morris JA, Harrison LM, Partridge SM (2006) Postmortem bacteriology: A re-evaluation. J Clin Pathol 59(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"5380_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60798-9","volume":"31","author":"MA Weber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weber MA, Klein NJ, Lock PE, Malone M, Sebire NJ (2008) Infection and sudden unexpected death in infancy: a systematic retrospective case review. Lancet 31:371:1848\u20131853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60798-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5380_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90567-X","volume":"81","author":"S Braman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Braman S, Donat W (1986) Explosive pleuritis. Manifestation of group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcal infection. Am J Med 81:723\u2013726","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"5380_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70240-9","volume":"20","author":"J Heffner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Heffner J (1999) Infection of the pleural space. Clin Chest Med 20:3:607\u2013622","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5380_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02155-08","volume":"47","author":"B Luca-Harari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luca-Harari B, Darenberg J, Neal S, Siljander T, Strakova L, Tanna A, Creti R, Ekelund K, Koliou M, Tassios PT, van der Linden M, Straut M, Vuopio-Varkila J, Bouvet A, Efstratiou A, Schal\u00e9n C, Henriques-Normark B, Strep, -EURO Study Group, Jasir A (2009) Clinical and Microbiological characteristics of severe Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Europe. J Clin Microbiol 47(4):1155\u20131165 Epub 2009 Jan 21. PMID: 19158266; PMCID: PMC2668334","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5380_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mercadante S, Ficari A, Romani L, De Luca M, Tripiciano C, Chiurchiu S, Carducci FIC, Cursi L, Di Giuseppe M, Krzysztofiak A, Bernardi S, Lancell L (2024) The thousand faces of invasive group A Streptococcal : update on epidemiology, symptoms and therapy. Children 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11040383","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040383"},{"issue":"1","key":"5380_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pii","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.1.2200941","volume":"28","author":"B De Gier","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Gier B, Marchal N, de Beer-Schuurman I, Te Wierik M, Hooiveld M, ISIS-AR Study group, GAS Study Group, de Melker HE, Van Sorge NM (2023) Increase in invasive group A Streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) infections (iGAS) in young children in the Netherlands, 2022. Euro Surveill 28(1):pii\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.1.2200941","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"36","key":"5380_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pii","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.36.2300422","volume":"28","author":"JP Rodriguez-Ruiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Ruiz JP, Lin Q, Lammens C, Smeesters PR, van Kleef-van Koeveringe S, Matheeussen V, Malhotra-Kumar S (2023) Increase in bloodstream infections caused by emm1 group A Streptococcus correlates with emergence of toxigenic M1UK, Belgium, May 2022 to August 2023. Euro Surveill 28(36):pii\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.36.2300422","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"5380_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gouveia C, Bajanca-Lavado MP, Mamede R, Carvalho AA, Rodrigues F, Melo-Cristino J, Ramirez M, Friaes A (2023) Portuguese Study Group for the Study of Streptococcal Infections, Portuguese Study Group of Pediatric Invasive Streptococcal DiseaseSustained increase of paediatric invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections dominated by M1UK and diverse emm12 isolates, Portugal, September 2022 to May 2023. Euro Surveill 72023;28(36):pii\u2009=\u20092300427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.36.2300427","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.36.2300427"},{"issue":"20","key":"5380_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pii","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917","volume":"29","author":"B Valcarcel Salamanca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valcarcel Salamanca B, Cyr P, Emblem Bentdal Y, Viksmoen Watle S, Wester AL, Wikman Strand A, Boas H (2024) Increase in group A Streptococcal infections (iGAS) in children and older adults, Norway, 2022 to 2024. Euro Surveill 29(20):pii\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"5380_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47929-7","volume":"15","author":"A Vieira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vieira A, Wan Y, Ryan Y, Kwong Li H, Guy RL, Papangeli M, Huse K, Reeves LC, Soo VWC, Daniel R, Harley A, Broughton K, Dhami C, Ganner M, Ganner MA, Mumin Z, Razaei M, Rundberg E, Mammadov R, Mills EA, Sgro V, Mok KY, Didelot X, Croucher NJ, Jauneikaite E, Lamagni T, Brown CS, Coelho J, Sriskandan S (2024) Rapid expansion and international spread of M1UK in the post-pandemic UK upsurge of Streptococcus pyogenes. Nat Commun 15(1):3916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-47929-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"5380_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0063724","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00637-24","volume":"62","author":"R Bertram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bertram R, Itzek A, Marr L, Manzke J, Voigt S, Chapot V, van der Linden M, Rath P-M, Hitzl W, Steinmann J (2024) Divergent effects of Emm types 1 and 12 on invasive group A Streptococcal infections\u2014results of a retrospective cohort study, Germany 2023. J Clin Microbiol 62(8):e0063724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00637-24","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5380_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31816a0e0a","volume":"27","author":"J Aguero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aguero J, Ortega-Mendi M, Eliecer Cano M, Gonzalez de Aledo A, Calvo J, Viloria L, Mellado P, Pelayo T, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Martinez-Marinez L (2008) Outbreak of invasive group A Streptococcal disease among children attending a day-care center. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27(7):602\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0b013e31816a0e0a","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"5380_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortega-Mendi M, Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez L, Gonz\u00e1lez de Aledo-Linos A, Ag\u00fcero-Balb\u00edn J, Viloria-Raymundo L, Cano-Garc\u00eda M-E, Calvo-Montes J, Mellado-Encinas P, Fernandez-Rodriguez A (2008). Brote de s\u00edndrome de shock t\u00f3xico estreptoc\u00f3cico en una guarder\u00eda de Cantabria en 2006. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 82 (1):81-89","DOI":"10.1590\/S1135-57272008000100007"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05380-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05380-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05380-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:34:18Z","timestamp":1776350058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05380-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05380-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}