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Microbiological analyses were conducted by NRL at NIPH for human samples and at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute for animal samples. Epidemiological data was collected through interviews. International notification was sent via EpiPulse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven cases in total, sampled between March 6 and July 11, 2024, were identified across Norway. The median age of affected individuals was three years. Notably, 73% of the cases reported prior contact with cats or passerine birds. The outbreak strain was also detected in a faecal sample from a cat belonging to one of the affected households, suggesting an animal source. Concurrently, Finland and Sweden reported five and six cases, respectively, involving the same outbreak strain. Several of these individuals also reported contact with cats or birds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Passerine birds are a well-documented reservoir for\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium in the Nordic region, often leading to transmission to both cats and humans. This outbreak highlights the role of animal exposure in the spread of\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium and emphasize the need for timely, targeted public health communication on infection prevention measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-026-05421-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T11:28:52Z","timestamp":1770290932000},"page":"1401-1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 linked to passerine birds and cats in Norway, March to July 2024"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3290-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde Marie","family":"Lund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2514-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin T.","family":"Brandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5336-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liz Ertzeid","family":"\u00d8deskaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Katsiouleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8203-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gro S.","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3318-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjarne","family":"Bergsj\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sne","family":"Sangolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikard","family":"Dryselius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Karamehmedovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3926-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Kuronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3276-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anni","family":"Vainio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruska","family":"Rimhanen-Finne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1639-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umaer","family":"Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"5421_CR1","unstructured":"(2024) The European union one health 2023 zoonoses report. 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Informed consent was obtained from all cases prior to theinterviews.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all cases prior to the interviews.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"As all presented case data are aggregated, consent from cases to publish was not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}