{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:00:54Z","timestamp":1780131654493,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Bureau of Science and Technology of Fuling District, Chongqing","award":["FLKJ,2020ABC2034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLKJ,2020ABC2034"]}]},{"name":"Key Discipline Construction Project of Public Health in Chongqing in 2023"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-026-05435-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:55:03Z","timestamp":1770987303000},"page":"1441-1448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The diagnostic yield of brushing versus non-brushing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for Xpert MTB\/RIF in patients with suspected tuberculosis: a prospective self-controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xuegang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8958-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30421-7","volume":"8","author":"E Harding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harding E (2020) WHO global progress report on tuberculosis elimination. Lancet Respir Med 8(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30421-7","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"5435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01227-y","volume":"13","author":"SX Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang SX, Miao FY, Yang J, Zhou WT, Lv S, Wei FN et al (2024) Global, regional, and National burden of HIV-negative tuberculosis, 1990\u20132021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021. Infect Dis Poverty 13:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01227-y","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5435_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) World health statistics 2024: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. World Health Organization. www.who.int"},{"key":"5435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.011","volume":"124","author":"J Chakaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chakaya J, Petersen E, Nantanda R, Mungai BN, Migliori GB, Amanullah F et al (2022) The WHO global tuberculosis 2021 Report \u2013 not so good news and turning the tide back to end TB. Int J Infect Dis 124:S26\u2013S29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2017.1103","volume":"7","author":"P Desikan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Desikan P, Tiwari K, Panwalkar N, Khaliq S, Chourey M et al (2017) Public health relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria among AFB positive sputa. Germs 7(1):10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18683\/germs.2017.1103","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"5435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103053","volume":"61","author":"EE Kroon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kroon EE, Kinnear CJ, Orlova M, Fischinger S, Shin S, Boolay S et al (2020) An observational study identifying highly tuberculosis-exposed, HIV-1-positive but persistently TB, tuberculin and IGRA negative persons with M. tuberculosis specific antibodies in cape Town, South Africa. EBioMedicine 61:103053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103053","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"5435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10777-x","volume":"25","author":"R Sato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sato R, Takasaka N, Hosaka Y, Fukuda T, Shinfuku K, Takatsuka M et al (2025) Association between the extent of intrapulmonary spread on chest CT and false-negative results of T-SPOT.TB in pulmonary tuberculosis: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 25:391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10777-x","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05413-7","volume":"47","author":"B Acharya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acharya B, Acharya A, Gautam S, Ghimire SP, Mishra G, Parajuli N et al (2020) Advances in diagnosis of tuberculosis: an update into molecular diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Biol Rep 47(5):4065\u20134075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-05413-7","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"5435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0655","volume":"22","author":"CM Bark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bark CM, Thiel BA, Ogwang S, Sekitoleko I, Muzanyi G, Joloba ML et al (2018) Sputum smear-positive, culture-negative state during anti-tuberculosis treatment in the MGIT liquid culture era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 22(3):306\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.17.0655","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0497","volume":"15","author":"B Malbruny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malbruny B, Le Marrec G, Courageux K, Leclercq R, Cattoir V (2011) Rapid and efficient detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory and non-respiratory samples. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15(4):553\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.10.0497","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02157-10","volume":"49","author":"S Armand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Armand S, Vanhuls P, Delcroix G, Courcol R, Lema\u00eetre N (2011) Comparison of the Xpert MTB\/RIF test with an IS6110-TaqMan real-time PCR assay for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory and nonrespiratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol 49(5):1772\u20131776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02157-10","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.atm-487-21","volume":"17","author":"S Imtiaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Imtiaz S, Batubara EM (2022) Diagnostic value of bronchoscopy in sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients and its correlation with clinicoradiological features. Ann Thorac Med 17(2):124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/atm.atm-487-21","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"5435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4745-1","volume":"20","author":"YS Seo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seo YS, Kang JM, Kim DS, Ahn JG (2020) Xpert MTB\/RIF assay for diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 20:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4745-1","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24154","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24154","volume":"36","author":"W Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai W, Liu L, Wu L, Chen S, Wu S, Wang Z et al (2022) Assessing the utility of the Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis\/rifampin assay for analysis of Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Lab Anal 36(1):e24154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.24154","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"5435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009593","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009593.pub5","volume":"2","author":"JS Zifodya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zifodya JS, Kreniske JS, Schiller I, Kohli M, Dendukuri N, Schumacher SG et al (2021) Xpert ultra versus Xpert MTB\/RIF for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD009593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009593.pub5","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149741","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1149741","volume":"13","author":"X Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong X, He Y, Zhou K, Hua Y, Li Y (2023) Efficacy of Xpert in tuberculosis diagnosis based on various specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1149741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1149741","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD014841","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014841.pub2","volume":"5","author":"S Pillay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pillay S, Steingart KR, Davies GR, Chaplin M, De Vos M, Schumacher SG et al (2022) Xpert MTB\/XDR for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis and resistance to isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, ethionamide, and Amikacin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD014841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD014841.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6901a1","volume":"69","author":"TR Sterling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, Cohn DL, Reves R, Ahmed A et al (2020) Guidelines for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: recommendations from the National tuberculosis controllers association and CDC, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 69(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr6901a1","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.21.0085","volume":"12","author":"S Walusimbi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walusimbi S, Najjingo I, Zawedde-Muyanja S, Musaazi J, Nyombi A, Katagira W et al (2022) Impact of on-site Xpert on TB diagnosis and mortality trends in Uganda. Public Health Action 12(2):90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/pha.21.0085","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"issue":"4","key":"5435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc-421-18","volume":"8","author":"A Newtonraj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Newtonraj A, Venables E, Selvaraj K, Kundu D, Purty AJ, Manikandan M et al (2019) Xpert negative means no TB: A mixed-methods study into early implementation of Xpert in Puducherry, India. J Family Med Prim Care 8(4):1379\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc-421-18","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"5435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292762","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292762","volume":"11","author":"Q Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Q, Wu KY, Zhang Y, Liu ZW, Chen SH, Wang XM et al (2023) The role of Xpert MTB\/RIF using Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in active screening: insights from a tuberculosis outbreak in a junior school in Eastern China. Front Public Health 11:1292762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292762","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"5435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0640","volume":"22","author":"KY Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang KY, Lin YS, Sy CL, Huang WC, Chen LW (2018) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases the risk of tuberculosis disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 22(6):637\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.17.0640","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-022-00534-6","volume":"75","author":"R Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar R, Singh N, Chauhan A, Kumar M, Bhatta RS, Singh SK (2022) Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival and biofilm formation studies: effect of D-amino acids, D-cycloserine and its components. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 75(8):472\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41429-022-00534-6","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"5435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062963","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1062963","volume":"13","author":"H Bo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bo H, Moure UAE, Yang Y, Pan J, Li L, Wang M et al (2023) Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interaction: molecular updates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1062963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1062963","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.09.010","volume":"31","author":"S Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu S, Guan L, Peng C, Cheng Y, Cheng H, Wang F et al (2023) Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses host DNA repair to boost its intracellular survival. Cell Host Microbe 31(11):1820\u20131836e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2023.09.010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"5435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.06.014","volume":"62","author":"C Ma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma C, Li Y, Li M, Deng G, Wu X, Zeng J et al (2014) microRNA-124 negatively regulates TLR signaling in alveolar macrophages in response to mycobacterial infection. Mol Immunol 62(1):150\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.06.014","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"5435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.040","volume":"107","author":"J Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang J, Shen Y, Wang L, Ju L, Wu X, Wang P et al (2021) Efficacy of the Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis\/rifampicin assay for diagnosing sputum-smear negative or sputum-scarce pulmonary tuberculosis in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Int J Infect Dis 107:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.040","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020161","volume":"11","author":"M Nel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nel M, Franckling-Smith Z, Pillay T, Andronikou S, Zar HJ (2022) Chest imaging for pulmonary TB-An update. Pathogens 11(2):161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11020161","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"5435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4081\/mrm.2022.872","volume":"17","author":"OI Badr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badr OI, Elrefaey WA, Shabrawishi M, Assaggaf HM, Minshawi F (2022) Diagnostic accuracy of different bronchoscopic specimens in sputum Xpert MBT\/RIF-negative pulmonary TB patients. Multidiscip Respir Med 17(1):872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/mrm.2022.872","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"5435_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02617-y","volume":"23","author":"M Unnewehr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unnewehr M, Meyer-Oschatz F, Friederichs H, Windisch W, Schaaf B (2023) Clinical and imaging factors that can predict contagiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Pulm Med 23:328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-023-02617-y","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-026-05435-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-026-05435-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-026-05435-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:04:15Z","timestamp":1780128255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-026-05435-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-026-05435-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing University Fuling Hospital (Approval No.: 2019CQSFLZXYYEC-033).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the tables in Tables\u00a0\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      and\n                      \n                      .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}