{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:03:25Z","timestamp":1793189005135,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The choice between radiotherapy (RT) and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser surgery (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-LS) for early glottic cancer remains controversial. We systematically examined electronic databases in order to identify prospective trials comparing patients who had undergone CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-LS or RT to treat early glottic cancer. Eleven studies involving 1053 patients were included. In the selected literature, the parameter setting of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser equipment can be summarized as wavelength 10.6\u00a0\u00b5m, superpulsed mode, continuous setting, power tailored on target structures (1\u20133 W for subtle resections and 4\u201315 W for cutting a larger tumor), and approximately 2080\u20133900 W\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of laser energy. Using RevMan 5.3, we estimated pooled odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous variables and pooled mean differences (MDs) for continuous variables, along with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The heterogeneity in the treatment variables was measured using Higgins\u2019 inconsistency test and expressed as <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> values. The continuous variables were then depicted as histograms developed using PlotDigitizer 2.6.8. Compared to patients treated with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-LS, those treated with RT had better jitter (MD 1.27%, 95% CI 1.21\u2009~\u20091.32, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and high scores on the \u201cGrade (MD 6.54, 95% CI 5.31\u2009~\u20097.76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Breathiness (MD 9.08, 95% CI 4.02\u2009~\u200914.13, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Asthenia (MD 2.13, 95% CI 0.29\u2009~\u20093.98, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), and Strain (MD 3.32, 95% CI 0.57\u2009~\u20096.07, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02)\u201d scale. Patients treated with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-LS had worse local control rates (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.52\u2009~\u20096.48, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) while lower incidence of second primary tumor (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.15\u2009~\u20090.61, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). It is hoped that retrospective analysis can provide suggestions for early glottis patients to choose personalized treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03890-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T21:01:45Z","timestamp":1695848505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Is CO2 laser microsurgery better than radiotherapy in early glottic cancer: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-zhi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-ting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-wu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.168180","volume":"11","author":"A Zhong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhong A, Xu X, Fan H, Wang L, Niu Y (2015) Transoral laser microsurgery for recurrent laryngeal carcinoma after primary treatment: a systematic review and meta.analysis. J Cancer Res Ther 11:173\u2013178","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"3890_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30218-x","volume":"8","author":"AV Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es AV, Dedivitis RA, Matos LL, Aires FT, Cernea CR (2018) Comparison between transoral laser surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of early glottic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 8:11900","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3890_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.6396","volume":"27","author":"FC Holsinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holsinger FC, Kies MS, Diaz EM Jr, Gillenwater AM, Lewin JS, Ginsberg LE, Glisson BS, Garden AS, Ark N, Lin HY, Lee JJ, El-Naggar AK, Hong WK, Shin DM, Khuri FR (2009) Durable long-term remission with chemotherapy alone for stage II to IV laryngeal cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:1976\u20131982","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"3890_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511000304X","volume":"125","author":"SE Lester","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lester SE, Rigby MH, Taylor SM (2011) Transoral laser microsurgery outcomes with early glottic cancer: the Dalhousie University experience. J Laryngol Otol 125:509\u2013512","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"3890_CR5","first-page":"CD002027","volume":"2014","author":"L Warner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Warner L, Chudasama J, Kelly CG, Loughran S, McKenzie K, Wight R, Dey P (2014) Radiotherapy versus open surgery versus endolaryngeal surgery (with or without laser) for early laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD002027","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3890_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68S","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320937238","volume":"100","author":"JA Cabrera-Sarmiento","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera-Sarmiento JA, V\u00e1zquez-Barro JC, Gonz\u00e1lez-Botas JH, Chiesa-Estomba C, Mayo-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez M (2021) T1b glottic tumor and anterior commissure involvement: Is the transoral CO2 laser microsurgery a safe option? Ear Nose Throat J 100:68S-72S","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"3890_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000702","volume":"29","author":"V Vander Pooreleven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vander Pooreleven V, Meulemans J, Van Lierde C, Nuyts S, Delaere P (2021) Current indications for adjuvant treatment following transoral laser microsurgery of early intermediate laryngeal cancer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 29:79\u201385","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3890_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061250","volume":"10","author":"W Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song W, Caffier F, Nawka T, Ermakova T, Martin A, M\u00fcrbe D, Caffier PP (2021) T1a glottic cancer: advances in vocal outcome assessment after transoral CO2-laser microsurgery using the VEM. J Clin Med 10:1250","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3890_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06445-2","volume":"278","author":"P-J Chien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chien P-J, Hung L-T, Wang L-W, Yang M-H, Chu P-Y (2021) Oncologic results and quality of life in patients with T3 glottic cancer after transoral laser microsurgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 278:2983\u20132992","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51S","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320928198","volume":"100","author":"F Campo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campo F, Zocchi J, Ralli M, De Seta D, Russo FY, Angeletti D, Minni A, Greco A, Pellini R, de Vincentiis M (2021) Laser microsurgery versus radiotherapy versus open partial laryngectomy for T2 laryngeal carcinoma: a systematic review of oncological outcomes. Ear Nose Throat J 100:51S-58S","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"3890_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1788723","volume":"140","author":"Y Lois-Ortega","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lois-Ortega Y, Garc\u00eda-Curdi F, Sebasti\u00e1n-Cort\u00e9s JM, De Miguel-Garc\u00eda F, Vall\u00e9s-Varela H, Campo AM-D (2020) Radiotherapy versus laser microsurgery in the treatment of early glottic cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 140:954\u2013958","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR12","first-page":"CD002027","volume":"2","author":"P Dey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dey P, Arnold D, Wight R, MacKenzie K, Kelly C, Wilson J (2002) Radiotherapy versus open surgery versus endolaryngeal surgery (with or without laser) for early laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD002027","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3890_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S137210","volume":"10","author":"G Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang G, Luo M, Zhang J, Liu H (2017) The voice quality after laser surgery versus radiotherapy of T1a glottic carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. OncoTargets Ther 10:2403\u20132410","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"3890_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.06.032","volume":"90","author":"LM Aaltonen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aaltonen LM, Rautiainen N, Sellman J, Saarilahti K, M\u00e4kitie A, Rihkanen H, Laranne J, Kleemola L, Wigren T, Sala E, Lindholm P, Grenman R, Joensuu H (2014) Voice quality after treatment of early vocal cord cancer: a randomized trial comparing laser surgery with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:255\u2013260","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"3890_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224737","volume":"14","author":"M-G Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu M-G, Jing R, Mo Y-J, Lin F, Du X-K, Ge W-Y, Dai H-J, Hu Z-K, Zhang S-S, Pan L-H (2019) Non-intubated anesthesia in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS one 14:e0224737","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"3890_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","volume":"27","author":"D Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo D, Wan X, Liu J, Tong T (2018) Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range. Stat Meth Med Res 27:1785\u20131805","journal-title":"Stat Meth Med Res"},{"key":"3890_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","volume":"14","author":"X Wan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T (2014) Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol 14:135","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"3890_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4295960","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4295960","volume":"2018","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang B, Sun G, Zhang G, Lu L, Liang G (2018) Carbon dioxide laser microsurgery versus low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation for T1a glottic cancer: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Biomed Res Int 2018:4295960","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"3890_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1916-0216-42-22","volume":"42","author":"SM Taylor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taylor SM, Kerr P, Fung K, Aneeshkumar MK, Wilke D, Jiang Y, Scott J, Phillips J, Hart RD, Trites JRB, Rigby MH (2013) Treatment of T1b glottic SCC: laser vs. radiation\u2013a Canadian multicenter study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 42:22","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3890_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-012-1947-1","volume":"269","author":"CDL Van Gogh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Gogh CDL, Verdonck-De Leeuw IM, Wedler-Peeters J, Langendijk JA, Mahieu HF (2012) Prospective evaluation of voice outcome during the first two years in male patients treated by radiotherapy or laser surgery for T1a glottic carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269:1647\u20131652","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR21","first-page":"S49","volume":"40","author":"M Kujath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kujath M, Kerr P, Myers C, Bammeke F, Lambert P, Cooke A, Sutherland D (2011) Functional outcomes and laryngectomy-free survival after transoral CO2 laser microsurgery for stage 1 and 2 glottic carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 40:S49\u2013S58","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3890_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1135-0","volume":"267","author":"V Mahler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mahler V, Boysen M, Br\u00f8ndbo K (2010) Radiotherapy or CO2 laser surgery as treatment of T(1a) glottic carcinoma? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267:743\u2013750","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2009.8","volume":"135","author":"N Oridate","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oridate N, Homma A, Suzuki S, Nakamaru Y, Suzuki F, Hatakeyama H, Taki S, Sakashita T, Nishizawa N, Furuta Y, Fukuda S (2009) Voice-related quality of life after treatment of laryngeal cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135:363\u2013368","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3890_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-007-0512-9","volume":"265","author":"F N\u00fa\u00f1ez Batalla","year":"2008","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez Batalla F, Caminero Cueva MJ, Se\u00f1aris Gonz\u00e1lez B, LlorentePend\u00e1s JL, Gorriz Gil C, Llames AL, Alonso Pantiga R, Su\u00e1rez Nieto C (2008) Voice quality after endoscopic laser surgery and radiotherapy for early glottic cancer: objective measurements emphasizing the Voice Handicap Index. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265:543\u2013548","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860410026233","volume":"43","author":"M Krengli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krengli M, Policarpo M, Manfredda I, Aluffi P, Gambaro G, Panella M, Pia F (2004) Voice quality after treatment for T1a glottic carcinoma\u2013radiotherapy versus laser cordectomy. Acta Oncol 43:284\u2013289","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"3890_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489509139367","volume":"115","author":"R Rydell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rydell R, Schal\u00e9n L, Fex S, Elner A (1995) Voice evaluation before and after laser excision vs. radiotherapy of T1A glottic carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 115:560\u2013565","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2018.1506154","volume":"138","author":"JH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim JH, Kim WS, Koh YW, Kim S-H, Byeon HK, Choi EC (2018) Oncologic and functional outcomes of salvage supracricoid partial laryngectomy. Acta Otolaryngol 138:1117\u20131122","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E569","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28955","volume":"131","author":"A Bertolin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bertolin A, Lionello M, Zanotti C, Franz L, Giacomelli L, Rizzotto G, Marioni G (2021) Oncological and functional outcomes of primary and salvage total Laryngectomy. Laryngoscope 131:E569\u2013E575","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"3890_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05348-1","volume":"276","author":"M Hendriksma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hendriksma M, van Loon Y, Klop WMC, Hakkesteegt MM, Heijnen BJ, El Hasnaoui I, de Jong M, Langeveld TPM, van Benthem PPG, de Jong RJB, Sj\u00f6gren EV (2019) Quality of life and voice outcome of patients treated with transoral CO2 laser microsurgery for early glottic carcinoma (T1\u2013T2): a 2-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 276:805\u2013814","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25474","volume":"41","author":"S Strieth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strieth S, Ernst BP, Both I, Hirth D, Pfisterer LN, K\u00fcnzel J, Eder K (2019) Randomized controlled single-blinded clinical trial of functional voice outcome after vascular targeting KTP laser microsurgery of early laryngeal cancer. Head Neck 41:899\u2013907","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"3890_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-135","volume":"9","author":"C Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo C, Lv K, Liu Q, Wen Y, Lin M, Wang Z, Zhu X, Jiang A, Wen W, Lei W (2021) Comparison of laser microsurgery and open partial laryngectomy for T1\u20132 laryngeal cancer treatment. Ann Transl Med 9:464","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"3890_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30252-8","volume":"18","author":"JJ Caudell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caudell JJ, Torres-Roca JF, Gillies RJ, Enderling H, Kim S, Rishi A, Moros EG, Harrison LB (2017) The future of personalised radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Lancet Oncol 18:e266\u2013e273","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"3890_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160667","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160667","volume":"90","author":"JM Pollard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pollard JM, Wen Z, Sadagopan R, Wang J, Ibbott GS (2017) The future of image-guided radiotherapy will be MR guided. Br J Radiol 90:20160667","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"3890_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2020.09.008","volume":"88","author":"C Saraniti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saraniti C, Montana F, Chianetta E, Greco G, Verro B (2022) Impact of resection margin status and revision transoral laser microsurgery in early glottic cancer: analysis of organ preservation and local disease control on a cohort of 153 patients. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 88:669\u2013674","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3890_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2018.03.006","volume":"34","author":"D Abshire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abshire D, Lang MK (2018) The evolution of radiation therapy in treating cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs 34:151\u2013157","journal-title":"Semin Oncol Nurs"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03890-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03890-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03890-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T06:15:57Z","timestamp":1703225757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03890-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03890-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Non applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Non applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"223"}}