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Seventy-five stroke patients with shoulder pain were included in this prospective randomized controlled study. Participants were divided into three groups. All patients underwent a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program five days a week for four weeks for a total of twenty sessions with classical physical therapy exercises. In addition, Group 1 received LLLT for three days a week for four weeks. Group 2 received NMES for twenty minutes for five days a week for four weeks. Group 3 control group received classical physical therapy exercises. Brunnstrom (BRS) upper extremity, BRS Hand, Barthel index, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Fugl Meyer, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and visual analog scale (VAS) were assessed, prior to the treatment and at the end of four weeks. After treatment, statistically significant improvements were found in BRS upper extremity, BRS Hand, Barthel index, SPADI, Fugl Meyer and VAS in all three groups (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.005). When the groups were compared, significant improvements in Bartel, SPADI and VAS in the LLLT and NMES groups than the control group(all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.005), however the LLLT and NMES groups were statistically similar. LLLT, NMES and conventional exercise therapy have demonstrated efficacy in treating HSP and improving upper extremity functions and disability. Laser and NMES were more effective while the effects of laser and NMES were similar.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04305-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T02:59:53Z","timestamp":1737687593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of low-level laser therapy versus neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation at hemiplegic shoulder pain and upper extremity functions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3504-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u0131nar \u00d6zge","family":"Ba\u015faran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek Eker","family":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fireci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4305_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.07.023","volume":"76","author":"D Mukherjee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukherjee D, Patil CG (2011) Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. 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We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"42"}}