{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:43:46Z","timestamp":1788875026821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04407-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T12:46:36Z","timestamp":1743079596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The role of low-level laser therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of the potential benefits of vitamin D enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Firoozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehri","family":"Shadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Rezagholizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10043","key":"4407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01124-1","volume":"388","author":"P Scheltens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scheltens P et al (2016) Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet 388(10043):505\u2013517","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10248","key":"4407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston G et al (2020) Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission. Lancet 396(10248):413\u2013446","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"4407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90210-9","volume":"3","author":"M Goedert","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goedert M et al (1989) Multiple isoforms of human microtubule-associated protein Tau: sequences and localization in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuron 3(4):519\u2013526","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"4407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.11.4051","volume":"85","author":"M Goedert","year":"1988","unstructured":"Goedert M et al (1988) Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding a core protein of the paired helical filament of alzheimer disease: identification as the microtubule-associated protein Tau. Proc Natl Acad Sci 85(11):4051\u20134055","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"4407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang J-E et al (2007) Acute stress increases interstitial fluid amyloid-\u03b2 via corticotropin-releasing factor and neuronal activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(25):10673\u201310678","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700148104"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-111328","volume":"28","author":"H Dong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dong H et al (2012) Corticotrophin releasing factor accelerates neuropathology and cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 28(3):579\u2013592","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"4407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKhann GM et al (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s & dementia, 7(3):263\u2013269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"4407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303111","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1303111","volume":"14","author":"S Suresh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suresh S et al (2023) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of extrinsic factors in its development, an investigation of the environmental enigma. Front Neurol 14:1303111","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01732-3","volume":"9","author":"D Bano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bano D, Ehninger D, Bagetta G (2023) Decoding metabolic signatures in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A mitochondrial perspective. Cell Death Discovery 9(1):432","journal-title":"Cell Death Discovery"},{"issue":"5","key":"4407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.08.036","volume":"120","author":"MR Farlow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farlow MR, Cummings JL (2007) Effective Pharmacologic management of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Med 120(5):388\u2013397","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen B et al (2025) Nutrition: A non-negligible factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia, p e14547","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14547"},{"issue":"9","key":"4407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094806","volume":"25","author":"SP Jeong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jeong SP, Sharma N, An SSA (2024) Role of calcitriol and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 25(9):4806","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112482","volume":"18","author":"C Di Somma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Somma C et al (2017) Vitamin D and neurological diseases: an endocrine view. Int J Mol Sci 18(11):2482","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.06.010","volume":"150","author":"N Sadeghian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadeghian N et al (2019) Calcitriol protects the Blood-Brain barrier integrity against ischemic stroke and reduces vasogenic brain edema via antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions in rats. Brain Res Bull 150:281\u2013289","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"4407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081824","volume":"10","author":"J Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang J et al (2022) The role of vitamin D in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A transcriptional regulator of amyloidopathy and gliopathy. Biomedicines 10(8):1824","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","volume":"29","author":"DW Eyles","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eyles DW et al (2005) Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1\u03b1-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 29(1):21\u201330","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"4","key":"4407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.08.016","volume":"70","author":"JJ Cannell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cannell JJ (2008) Autism and vitamin D. Med Hypotheses 70(4):750\u2013759","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205011310030001","volume":"10","author":"H Rosenmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosenmann H (2013) Immunotherapy for targeting Tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Tauopathies. Curr Alzheimer Res 10(3):217\u2013228","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30331-3","volume":"16","author":"P Novak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Novak P et al (2017) Safety and immunogenicity of the Tau vaccine AADvac1 in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet Neurol 16(2):123\u2013134","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"4407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firoozi A et al (2023) Conditioned Media Therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current Findings and Future Challenges. Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X18666230523155659"},{"key":"4407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2023.09.006","volume":"15","author":"A Firoozi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Firoozi A et al (2023) Comparison of the efficacy of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium and platelet-rich plasma on the hippocampus of STZ\u2013induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A behavioral and Stereological study. IBRO Neurosci Rep 15:209\u2013217","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X18666230523155659","volume":"19","author":"A Firoozi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Firoozi A et al (2024) Conditioned media therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: current findings and future challenges. Curr Stem Cell Res Therapy 19(5):700\u2013711","journal-title":"Curr Stem Cell Res Therapy"},{"key":"4407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eells JT et al (2003) Therapeutic photobiomodulation for methanol-induced retinal toxicity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(6): pp. 3439\u20133444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0534746100"},{"issue":"50","key":"4407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3457-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"JC Rojas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rojas JC et al (2008) Neuroprotective effects of near-infrared light in an in vivo model of mitochondrial optic neuropathy. J Neurosci 28(50):13511\u201313521","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.003","volume":"53","author":"J Liang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liang J, Liu L, Xing D (2012) Photobiomodulation by low-power laser irradiation attenuates A\u03b2-induced cell apoptosis through the Akt\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 53(7):1459\u20131467","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.09.004","volume":"24","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wu S, Xing D (2012) Inhibition of A\u03b225\u201335-induced cell apoptosis by Low-power-laser-irradiation (LPLI) through promoting Akt-dependent YAP cytoplasmic translocation. Cell Signal 24(1):224\u2013232","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900130113","volume":"13","author":"JJ Anders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anders JJ et al (1993) Low power laser irradiation alters the rate of regeneration of the rat facial nerve. Lasers Surg Med 13(1):72\u201382","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00159-3","volume":"323","author":"N Mochizuki-Oda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mochizuki-Oda N et al (2002) Effects of near-infra-red laser irradiation on adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate contents of rat brain tissue. Neurosci Lett 323(3):207\u2013210","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"11","key":"4407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-024-01030-w","volume":"13","author":"E Borrelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borrelli E et al (2024) Safety, tolerability, and short-term efficacy of low-level light therapy for dry age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Therapy 13(11):2855\u20132868","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.547547","volume":"40","author":"JA Zivin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zivin JA et al (2009) Effectiveness and safety of transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 40(4):1359\u20131364","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"4407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.06.012","volume":"69","author":"\u0141 \u0141aczma\u0144ski","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0141aczma\u0144ski \u0141 et al (2015) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Exp Gerontol 69:142\u2013147","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.038","volume":"33","author":"L Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang L et al (2012) Vitamin D receptor and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a genetic and functional study. Neurobiol Aging 33(8):1844e1-1844. e9","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"4407_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000755","volume":"83","author":"TJ Littlejohns","year":"2014","unstructured":"Littlejohns TJ et al (2014) Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and alzheimer disease. Neurology 83(10):920\u2013928","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4407_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.10.1348","volume":"65","author":"ML Evatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Evatt ML et al (2008) Prevalence of vitamin d insufficiency in patients with Parkinson disease and alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 65(10):1348\u20131352","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90032-7","volume":"13","author":"MK Sutherland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sutherland MK et al (1992) Reduction of vitamin D hormone receptor mRNA levels in alzheimer as compared to huntington hippocampus: correlation with calbindin-28k mRNA levels. Mol Brain Res 13(3):239\u2013250","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00547-1","volume":"13","author":"E Garcion","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garcion E et al (2002) New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metabolism 13(3):100\u2013105","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199412300-00032","volume":"6","author":"I Neveu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Neveu I et al (1994) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates NT-3, NT-4 but not BDNF mRNA in astrocytes. NeuroReport 6(1):124\u2013126","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"13","key":"4407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199609020-00023","volume":"7","author":"P Naveilhan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Naveilhan P et al (1996) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, an inducer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. NeuroReport 7(13):2171\u20132175","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.1.4858","volume":"138","author":"IM Musiol","year":"1997","unstructured":"Musiol IM, Feldman D (1997) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induction of nerve growth factor in L929 mouse fibroblasts: effect of vitamin D receptor regulation and potency of vitamin D3 analogs. Endocrinology 138(1):12\u201318","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00697","volume":"7","author":"W Dankers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dankers W et al (2017) Vitamin D in autoimmunity: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Immunol 7:697","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.07.001","volume":"34","author":"DW Eyles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ (2013) Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocr 34(1):47\u201364","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13058","volume":"1367","author":"C Annweiler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Annweiler C (2016) Vitamin D in dementia prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1367(1):57\u201363","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4407_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150943","volume":"53","author":"V Landel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landel V et al (2016) Vitamin D, cognition and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the therapeutic benefit is in the D-tails. J Alzheimers Dis 53(2):419\u2013444","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4407_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131970","volume":"40","author":"D Gezen-Ak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gezen-Ak D, Y\u0131lmazer S, Dursun E (2014) Why vitamin D in Alzheimer\u2019s disease? The hypothesis. J Alzheimers Dis 40(2):257\u2013269","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121432","volume":"33","author":"C Annweiler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Annweiler C, Llewellyn DJ, Beauchet O (2013) Low serum vitamin D concentrations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 33(3):659\u2013674","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"4407_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","volume":"296","author":"KL Munger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Munger KL et al (2006) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296(23):2832\u20132838","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"4407_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000334944","volume":"32","author":"C Annweiler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Annweiler C et al (2011) Serum vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of incident non-Alzheimer dementias: a 7-year longitudinal study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 32(4):273\u2013278","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"4407_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.04.021","volume":"570","author":"S Duan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duan S et al (2014) Vitamin D status and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 570:108\u2013113","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0087-2","volume":"11","author":"V Landel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landel V et al (2016) Vitamin D interacts with Esr1 and Igf1 to regulate molecular pathways relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegeneration 11(1):1\u201322","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"6","key":"4407_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064817","volume":"7","author":"L Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen L, Ji H-F (2015) Associations between vitamin D status, supplementation, outdoor work and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis assessment. Nutrients 7(6):4817\u20134827","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1080","volume":"17","author":"A Masoumi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masoumi A et al (2009) 1\u03b1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 interacts with curcuminoids to stimulate amyloid-\u03b2 clearance by macrophages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 17(3):703\u2013717","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150901","volume":"52","author":"BJ Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller BJ, Whisner CM, Johnston CS (2016) Vitamin D supplementation appears to increase plasma A\u03b2 40 in vitamin D insufficient older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 52(3):843\u2013847","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"4407_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0839-1","volume":"55","author":"M Morello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morello M et al (2018) Vitamin D improves neurogenesis and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurobiol 55:6463\u20136479","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4407_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansouri F et al (2021) Protective effects of vitamin D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine in male rats: the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology, pp 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02062-w"},{"key":"4407_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0087-2","volume":"11","author":"V Landel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landel V et al (2016) Vitamin D interacts with Esr1 and Igf1 to regulate molecular pathways relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegeneration 11:1\u201322","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"21","key":"4407_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2711-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"MR Durk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Durk MR et al (2014) 1\u03b1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces cerebral amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation and improves cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurosci 34(21):7091\u20137101","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"S Ito","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ito S et al (2011) 1\u03b1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances cerebral clearance of human amyloid-\u03b2 peptide (1\u201340) from mouse brain across the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 8(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"8","key":"4407_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13670","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13670","volume":"21","author":"RH Lai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai RH et al (2022) Vitamin D supplementation worsens Alzheimer\u2019s progression: animal model and human cohort studies. Aging Cell 21(8):e13670","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"10(15)","key":"4407_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34853","volume":"10","author":"A Rezagholizadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rezagholizadeh A et al (2024) Vitamin D injection into the dorsal-CA1 hippocampus improves short-term sleep deprivation induced cognitive impairment in male rats. Heliyon 10(15):e34853","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"12","key":"4407_CR60","first-page":"1347","volume":"90","author":"J Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia J et al (2019) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function and blood A\u03b2-related biomarkers in older adults with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90(12):1347\u20131352","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4407_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-230","volume":"12","author":"C Annweiler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Annweiler C et al (2011) Alzheimer\u2019s disease-input of vitamin D with mEmantine assay (AD-IDEA trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 12:1\u201310","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"4407_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamblin MR (2019) Photobiomodulation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: has the light dawned? In Photonics. MDPI","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics6030077"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013003","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/19\/1\/013003","volume":"19","author":"M Hennessy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy M, Hamblin MR (2016) Photobiomodulation and the brain: a new paradigm. J Opt 19(1):013003","journal-title":"J Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"4407_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2018.48","volume":"9","author":"A Firouzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firouzi A et al (2018) Combined effect of low-level laser treatment and Levothyroxine on wound healing in rats with hypothyroidism. J Lasers Med Sci 9(4):268","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2018.02","volume":"9","author":"A Firouzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firouzi A et al (2018) The combined effects of Levothyroxine and low level laser therapy on wound healing in hypothyroidism male rat model. J Lasers Med Sci 9(1):7","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"4407_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.013","volume":"2","author":"JT Hashmi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hashmi JT et al (2010) Role of low-level laser therapy in neurorehabilitation. Pm&r 2:S292\u2013S305","journal-title":"Pm&r"},{"key":"4407_CR67","unstructured":"Tun\u00e9r J, Hode L, Rochkind S (1999) Low level laser therapy: clinical practice and scientific background: a guide for research scientists, Doctors, dentists, veterinarians, and other interested parties within the medical field. Prima books"},{"key":"4407_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-014-0354-z","volume":"55","author":"D Farfara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farfara D et al (2015) Low-level laser therapy ameliorates disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Mol Neurosci 55:430\u2013436","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4407_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.4072","volume":"34","author":"A Oron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oron A, Oron U (2016) Low-level laser therapy to the bone marrow ameliorates neurodegenerative disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a minireview. Photomed Laser Surg 34(12):627\u2013630","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4407_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001301","volume":"134","author":"Y-L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y-L et al (2021) Light therapy: a new option for neurodegenerative diseases. Chin Med J 134(6):634","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"4407_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2021.0135","volume":"40","author":"A Kheradmand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kheradmand A et al (2022) Therapeutic effects of low-level laser therapy on cognitive symptoms of patients with dementia: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Photobiomodulation Photomed Laser Surg 40(9):632\u2013638","journal-title":"Photobiomodulation Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"4407_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy EN et al (2021) Impact of combined photo-biomodulation and aerobic exercise on cognitive function and quality-of-life in elderly alzheimer patients with anemia: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Gen Med, 14:141\u2013152","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S280559"},{"issue":"4","key":"4407_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201600","volume":"83","author":"AS Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan AS et al (2021) Photobiomodulation enhances memory processing in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Alzheimers Dis 83(4):1471\u20131480","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4407_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-022-03545-9","volume":"37","author":"A Kheradmand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kheradmand A et al (2022) Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on cognitive impairment among patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 37(6):2717\u20132725","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"4407_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500336","volume":"9","author":"W Xuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xuan W, Huang L, Hamblin MR (2016) Repeated transcranial low-level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice: biphasic dose response and long\u2010term treatment outcome. J Biophotonics 9(11\u201312):1263\u20131272","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4407_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.70756","volume":"12","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang L et al (2022) Non-invasive photobiomodulation treatment in an alzheimer Disease-like Transgenic rat model. Theranostics 12(5):2205","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"4407_CR77","first-page":"1087","volume-title":"Effect of low level laser therapy on serum vitamin D and magnesium levels in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy\u2013a pilot study","author":"M Anju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anju M et al (2019) Effect of low level laser therapy on serum vitamin D and magnesium levels in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy\u2013a pilot study, vol 13. Clinical Research & Reviews, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, pp 1087\u20131091. 2"},{"issue":"8","key":"4407_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4227","volume":"35","author":"AE Saltmarche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saltmarche AE et al (2017) Significant improvement in cognition in mild to moderately severe dementia cases treated with transcranial plus intranasal photobiomodulation: case series report. Photomed Laser Surg 35(8):432\u2013441","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"4407_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.003","volume":"49","author":"Y Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu Y et al (2017) Low-level laser therapy for beta amyloid toxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 49:165\u2013182","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100894","volume":"23","author":"L De Taboada","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Taboada L et al (2011) Transcranial laser therapy attenuates amyloid-\u03b2 peptide neuropathology in amyloid-\u03b2 protein precursor Transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 23(3):521\u2013535","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.025","volume":"171","author":"X Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang X et al (2010) Low energy laser light (632.8 nm) suppresses amyloid-\u03b2 peptide-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses in astrocytes. Neuroscience 171(3):859\u2013868","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"4407_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9337-5","volume":"53","author":"E Niedzielska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Niedzielska E et al (2016) Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol 53(6):4094\u20134125","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4407_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141224438","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J et al (2013) Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci 14(12):24438\u201324475","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1504","key":"4407_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0054","volume":"363","author":"PG Falkowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Falkowski PG, Godfrey LV (2008) Electrons, life and the evolution of Earth\u2019s oxygen cycle. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 363(1504):2705\u20132716","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"4407_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sims-Robinson C et al (2013) The role of oxidative stress in nervous system aging. PLoS ONE, 8(7)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068011"},{"issue":"11","key":"4407_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1113-5","volume":"30","author":"J Carillon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carillon J et al (2013) Superoxide dismutase administration, a potential therapy against oxidative stress related diseases: several routes of supplementation and proposal of an original mechanism of action. Pharm Res 30(11):2718\u20132728","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4407_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.05.003","volume":"36","author":"JN Keller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keller JN et al (2004) Autophagy, proteasomes, Lipofuscin, and oxidative stress in the aging brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36(12):2376\u20132391","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1312","volume":"4","author":"JD Lambeth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lambeth JD (2004) NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen. Nat Rev Immunol 4(3):181\u2013189","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/71555","volume":"6","author":"D Pitt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pitt D, Werner P, Raine CS (2000) Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 6(1):67\u201370","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4407_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.022","volume":"37","author":"A Ilhan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ilhan A et al (2004) Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-induced oxidative stress in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 37(3):386\u2013394","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"4407_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-013-1423-y","volume":"30","author":"Z Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhong C (2014) Oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci Bull 30:271\u2013281","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"4407_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0852-4","volume":"55","author":"F Salehpour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salehpour F et al (2018) Brain photobiomodulation therapy: a narrative review. Mol Neurobiol 55:6601\u20136636","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"33","key":"4407_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13505","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0918-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"C Meng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meng C, He Z, Xing D (2013) Low-level laser therapy rescues dendrite atrophy via upregulating BDNF expression: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurosci 33(33):13505\u201313517","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4407_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.004003","volume":"10","author":"E Zinchenko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zinchenko E et al (2019) Pilot study of transcranial photobiomodulation of lymphatic clearance of beta-amyloid from the mouse brain: breakthrough strategies for non-pharmacologic therapy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biomedical Opt Express 10(8):4003\u20134017","journal-title":"Biomedical Opt Express"},{"issue":"12","key":"4407_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13514","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46120807","volume":"46","author":"AK Fenercioglu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fenercioglu AK (2024) The Anti-Inflammatory roles of vitamin D for improving human health. Curr Issues Mol Biol 46(12):13514\u201313525","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"4407_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00229-4","volume":"66","author":"M Schuessler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schuessler M et al (2001) Skin is an autonomous organ in synthesis, two-step activation and degradation of vitamin D3: CYP27 in epidermis completes the set of essential vitamin D3-hydroxylases. Steroids 66(3\u20135):399\u2013408","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"6","key":"4407_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2015.2645","volume":"25","author":"A Kaukinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaukinen A, Pelkonen J, Harvima IT (2015) Mast cells express CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 in epithelial skin cancers and psoriasis. Eur J Dermatology 25(6):548\u2013555","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatology"},{"key":"4407_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120193","volume":"289","author":"M Janjusevic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Janjusevic M et al (2022) The peculiar role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 289:120193","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4407_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanad M et al (2024) Neuroprotective effects of vitamin D in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease rat model: Improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction via calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 activation of Sirtuin1 phosphorylation. Biofactors, 50(2): pp. 371\u2013391","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"4407_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01225.x","volume":"89","author":"W Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim W et al (2013) Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathway by 635 Nm irradiation via heat shock protein 27 in human gingival fibroblast cells. Photochem Photobiol 89(1):199\u2013207","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04407-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04407-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04407-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:24:41Z","timestamp":1771399481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04407-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04407-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"159"}}