{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:28:42Z","timestamp":1786980522200,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005296","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Port wine stain (PWS) is a vascular, benign congenital malformation, which presents at birth and persists for life. PWS usually appears as flat red macule but tend to darken progressively to purple with soft tissue hypertrophy and may often develop disfiguring vascular nodules leading to a reduced quality of life for patients. Therapeutic interventions include the use of different laser systems such as pulsed dye lasers.\u00a0To report the removal of PWS nodules with CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    laser.\u00a0Two PWS patients with nodules were included in the study. A CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    laser (Unilas Touch, Limmer) was used to vaporize the lesion under local anesthesia. Laser parameters were selected to minimize the risk of potential scarring.\u00a0The follow up of the patients showed a significant improvement in the skin condition and the nodular areas of the PWS became flatter without notable side effects.\u00a0The CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    laser treatment is a safe and effective treatment modality to remove nodules in PWS leading to an improved appearance of facial PWS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04591-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T03:41:50Z","timestamp":1755229310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carbon dioxide laser ablation as an effective method for treating nodular areas in Port wine stains: a series of two cases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Dr. med. Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Prof. Dr. B\u00e4umler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadett","family":"Dr. med. Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Prof. Dr. Berneburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Dr. med. K\u00f6gel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092243","author":"V Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen V, Hochman M, Mihm MC, Nelson JS, Tan W (2019) The pathogenesis of Port wine stain and Sturge Weber syndrome: complex interactions between genetic alterations and aberrant MAPK and PI3K activation. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20092243","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_730_2021","volume":"89","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu L, Zhou L, Zhao Q et al (2023) Histological analysis of different types of port-wine stains to guide clinical decision making: A retrospective study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 89(2):204\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/IJDVL_730_2021","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02219.x","volume":"138","author":"CM Nguyen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nguyen CM, Yohn JJ, Huff C, Weston WL, Morelli JG (1998) Facial Port wine stains in childhood: prediction of the rate of improvement as a function of the age of the patient, size and location of the Port wine stain and the number of treatments with the pulsed dye (585 nm) laser. Br J Dermatol 138(5):821\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02219.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.3.323","volume":"87","author":"B Tallman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tallman B, Tan OT, Morelli JG et al (1991) Location of port-wine stains and the likelihood of ophthalmic and\/or central nervous system complications. Pediatrics 87(3):323\u2013327","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"4591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.05.011","volume":"61","author":"S Ch\u2019ng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ch\u2019ng S, Tan ST (2008) Facial port-wine stains - clinical stratification and risks of neuro-ocular involvement. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61(8):889\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.05.011","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"4591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1201-3","volume":"26","author":"KB Puttgen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Puttgen KB, Lin DDM (2010) Neurocutaneous vascular syndromes. Childs Nerv Syst 26(10):1407\u20131415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-010-1201-3","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"4591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2015.10.005","volume":"22","author":"A Comi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Comi A (2015) Current therapeutic options in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Semin Pediatr Neurol 22(4):295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2015.10.005","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"4591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.11.009","volume":"247","author":"A Ha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ha A, Kim SH, Baek SU, Kim J-S, Yoon H-J, Kim YK (2023) Incidence of Sturge-Weber syndrome and risk of secondary glaucoma: a nationwide population-based study using a rare disease registry. Am J Ophthalmol 247:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.11.009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2007.1016","volume":"5","author":"AM Comi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Comi AM (2007) Update on Sturge-Weber syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, quantitative measures, and controversies. Lymphat Res Biol 5(4):257\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lrb.2007.1016","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1064725","volume":"6","author":"M Waner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Waner M (1989) Classification of port-wine stains. Facial Plast Surg 6(3):162\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2008-1064725","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2017.09.004","volume":"51","author":"JW Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee JW, Chung HY (2018) Capillary malformations (Portwine Stains) of the head and neck: natural history, investigations, laser, and surgical management. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 51(1):197\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2017.09.004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"4591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.111353","volume":"44","author":"MH Klapman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Klapman MH, Yao JF (2001) Thickening and nodules in port-wine stains. J Am Acad Dermatol 44(2):300\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mjd.2001.111353","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000785","volume":"39","author":"R Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin R, Gao L, Tan W et al (2017) Activation of PKC\u03b1 and PI3K kinases in hypertrophic and nodular Port wine stain lesions. Am J Dermatopathol 39(10):747\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000785","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"21","key":"4591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1213507","volume":"368","author":"MD Shirley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shirley MD, Tang H, Gallione CJ et al (2013) Sturge-weber syndrome and port-wine stains caused by somatic mutation in GNAQ. N Engl J Med 368(21):1971\u20131979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1213507","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15373","volume":"177","author":"L Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao L, Yin R, Wang H et al (2017) Ultrastructural characterization of hyperactive endothelial cells, pericytes and fibroblasts in hypertrophic and nodular port-wine stain lesions. Br J Dermatol 177(4):e105\u2013e108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.15373","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23864","volume":"57","author":"DA Hashemi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hashemi DA, Tao J, Wang JV, Geronemus RG (2025) The 595-nm wavelength pulsed dye laser for pediatric port-wine birthmarks and infantile hemangiomas: a systematic review. Lasers Surg Med 57(1):27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23864","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22250","volume":"46","author":"D Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li D, Farshidi D, Wang GX et al (2014) A comparison of microvascular responses to visible and near-infrared lasers. Lasers Surg Med 46(6):479\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.22250","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04285.x","volume":"145","author":"K Scherer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scherer K, Lorenz S, Wimmershoff M, Landthaler M, Hohenleutner U (2001) Both the flashlamp-pumped dye laser and the long-pulsed tunable dye laser can improve results in port-wine stain therapy. Br J Dermatol 145(1):79\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04285.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjprs.2021.09.005","volume":"3","author":"W Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu W, Zhu J, Wang L, Ma G, Lin X (2021) Angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cells in hypertrophic and nodular port-wine stain. Chin J Plast Reconstr Surg 3(3):141\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjprs.2021.09.005","journal-title":"Chin J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"4591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14879","volume":"20","author":"U Paasch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paasch U, Zidane M, Baron JM et al (2022) S2k guideline: laser therapy of the skin. JDDG J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 20(9):1248\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddg.14879","journal-title":"JDDG J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"4591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner R, Landthaler M, Haina D, Waidelich W, Braun-Falco O (1986) Anwendung des Neodym-Yag-Lasers in der dermatologie. In: Braun-Falco O, Petzoldt D, Schnyder UW (eds) Verhandlungen der Deutschen dermatologischen gesellschaft. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 111\u2013113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82597-2_52"},{"issue":"3","key":"4591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639609086879","volume":"7","author":"E Miralles","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miralles E, N\u00fa\u00f1ez M, Boixeda P, Ledo A (1996) Carbon dioxide laser treatment for the tuberous component of port-wine stains. J Dermatolog Treat 7(3):163\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09546639609086879","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"8","key":"4591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2001.00219.x","volume":"27","author":"J del Pozo","year":"2001","unstructured":"del Pozo J, Fonseca E (2001) Port-wine stain nodules in the adult: report of 20 cases treated by CO2 laser vaporization. Dermatol Surg 27(8):699\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2001.00219.x","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04591-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04591-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04591-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:21:26Z","timestamp":1771399286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04591-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04591-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent for the publication of all patient photographs and medical information was provided by the authors at the time of article submission to the journal stating that all patients gave consent for their photographs and medical information to be published in print and online and with the understanding that this information may be publicly available. Ethics statement was not obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement section and patient consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"None of the authors has any relevant conflicts of interest in connection with this publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure\u00a0<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.\u00a0","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"335"}}