{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:53:55Z","timestamp":1790952835688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04655-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:00:21Z","timestamp":1758873621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy and safety of low-fluence 1064\u00a0nm picosecond laser with\/without micro-lens arrays for melasma treatment: a randomized, split-face controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Xianglei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/s0190-9622(81)70071-9","volume":"4","author":"NP Sanchez","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sanchez NP, Pathak MA, Sato S, Fitzpatrick TB, Sanchez JL, Mihm MC (1981) Jr. Melasma: a clinical, light microscopic, ultrastructural, and Immunofluorescence study. J Am Acad Dermatol Jun 4(6):698\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0190-9622(81)70071-9","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol Jun"},{"key":"4655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S396272","volume":"16","author":"W Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu W, Chen Q, Xia Y (2023) New mechanistic insights of melasma. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 16:429\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CCID.S396272","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0194-1","volume":"7","author":"OA Ogbechie-Godec","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N (2017) Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 7(3):305\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13555-017-0194-1","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.03.001","volume":"75","author":"HC Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee HC, Thng TG, Goh CL (2016) Oral tranexamic acid (TA) in the treatment of melasma: a retrospective analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 75(2):385\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.03.001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181ef2d45","volume":"33","author":"B Torres-Alvarez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torres-Alvarez B, Mesa-Garza IG, Castanedo-Cazares JP et al (May2011) Histochemical and immunohistochemical study in melasma: evidence of damage in the basal membrane. Am J Dermatopathol 33(3):291\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181ef2d45","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"4655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen J, Yu N, Peng L et al (2022) Efficacy of low-fluence 1064 Nm Q-switched nd: YAG laser for the treatment of melasma: A meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol Jul 21(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.15126","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15126"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03744-y","volume":"38","author":"J Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng J, Shen S, Song X, Xiang W (2023) Efficacy and safety of picosecond laser for the treatment of melasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci (1):84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03744-y","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"Apr 1","key":"4655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009994","volume":"4","author":"J Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng J, Huang L (2023) Comparison of picosecond and nanosecond Nd:YAG 1064-nm lasers in the treatment of melasma: a split-face randomized clinical trial. Plast Reconstr Surg 4(Apr 1):772\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"4655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23382","volume":"53","author":"CSM Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong CSM, Chan MWM, Shek SYN, Yeung CK, Chan HHL (2021) Fractional 1064 nm picosecond laser in treatment of melasma and skin rejuvenation in Asians, a prospective study. Lasers Surg Med 53(8):1032\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23382","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03846-7","volume":"38","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Tang L, Duan J, Wang L, Ye F (2023) Efficacy and safety of the combination of tranexamic acid injection and electro-optical synergy (ELOS) versus tranexamic acid injection alone in the treatment of melasma. Lasers Med Sci (1):179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03846-7","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"4655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Doc04","DOI":"10.3205\/iprs000165","volume":"11","author":"H Henseler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henseler H (2022) Validation of the Visia((R)) camera system for skin analysis through assessment of the correlations among the three offered measurements - the percentile, feature count and absolute score - as well as the three capture perspectives, from the left, front and right. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 11:Doc04. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3205\/iprs000165","journal-title":"GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"4655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.039","volume":"54","author":"M Rendon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rendon M, Berneburg M, Arellano I, Picardo M (2006) Treatment of melasma. J Am Acad Dermatol 54(5 Suppl 2):S272\u2013S281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.039","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2019.09.008","volume":"28","author":"R Saluja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saluja R, Gentile RD (2020) Picosecond laser: tattoos and skin rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am Feb 28(1):87\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsc.2019.09.008","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am Feb"},{"key":"4655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11030089","author":"P-H Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu P-H, Yao X-F, Lin Y-C, Hsiao P-F (2024) Comparing a low-fluence picosecond 1064 Nm Nd:YAG laser with a 532 Nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of pigmented lesions in Chinese patients: a retrospective analysis. Cosmet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics11030089","journal-title":"Cosmet"},{"key":"4655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23829","volume":"56","author":"M Rojas-Orrego","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rojas-Orrego M, Carreno N, Feuerhake T, Navarrete-Dechent C (2024) In vivo evaluation of laser-Induced optical breakdown (LIOBS) by 1064-nm nd:yag fractional picosecond laser with reflectance confocal microscopy and precise histopathologic correlation. Lasers Surg Med 56:650\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23829","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-022-03704-y","volume":"38","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Hamblin MR, Wen X (2023) An update on fractional picosecond laser treatment: histology and clinical applications. Lasers Med Sci (1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-022-03704-y","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15094","volume":"33","author":"J Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen J, Jin J, Huang J, Guo Y, Qian Q (2024) Combining large-spot low-fluence 1064-nm and fractional 1064-nm picosecond lasers for promoting protective melanosome autophagy via the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signalling pathway for the treatment of melasma. Exp Dermatol 33(5):e15094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.15094","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2014.957217","volume":"17","author":"CP Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi CP, Yim SM, Seo SH, Ahn HH, Kye YC, Choi JE (2015) Retrospective analysis of melasma treatment using a dual mode of low-fluence Q-switched and long-pulse nd:yag laser vs. low-fluence Q-switched nd:yag laser monotherapy. J Cosmet Laser Ther 17(1):2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14764172.2014.957217","journal-title":"J Cosmet Laser Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2009.01383.x","volume":"36","author":"P Wattanakrai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wattanakrai P, Mornchan R, Eimpunth S (2010) Low-fluence Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (1,064 nm) laser for the treatment of facial melasma in Asians. Dermatol Surg 36(1):76\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2009.01383.x","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfq068","volume":"60","author":"JY Mun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mun JY, Jeong SY, Kim JH, Han SS, Kim IH (2011) A low fluence Q-switched nd:yag laser modifies the 3d structure of melanocyte and ultrastructure of melanosome by subcellular-selective photothermolysis. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 60(1):11\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmicro\/dfq068","journal-title":"J Electron Microsc (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23635","volume":"55","author":"C Qian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qian C, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Yue B, Yan S, Lu Z (2023) The comparison of the efficacy and safety of fractional 1064 Nm Nd:YAG picosecond laser and nonablative fractional 1565 Nm laser in the treatment of enlarged pores: a prospective split-face study. Lasers Surg Med 55(2):169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23635","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"4655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1248831","volume":"10","author":"R Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai R, Cao Y, Su Y, Cai S (2023) Comparison of 1064-nm nd:yag picosecond laser using fractional micro-lens array vs. ablative fractional 2940-nm er:yag laser for the treatment of atrophic acne scar in Asians: a 20-week prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled pilot study. Front Med 10:1248831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1248831","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14496","volume":"21","author":"E Behrangi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Behrangi E, Shemshadi M, Ghassemi M, Goodarzi A, Dilmaghani S (2022) Comparison of efficacy and safety of Tranexamic acid mesotherapy versus oral Tranexamic acid in patients with melasma undergoing Q-switched fractional 1064-nm nd:yag laser: a blinded RCT and follow-up. J Cosmet Dermatol 21(1):279\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.14496","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04655-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04655-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04655-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:21:14Z","timestamp":1771399274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04655-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04655-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\uff08SH9H-2021-T178-2\uff09.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"387"}}