{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:53:09Z","timestamp":1792803189461,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Photobiomodulation (PBM) using diode lasers has emerged as a promising adjunct to enhance tissue regeneration. This ex vivo study evaluated the effects of three diode laser wavelengths (660\u00a0nm, 810\u00a0nm, 940\u00a0nm) on platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) structural remodeling and growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)) release to optimize periodontal healing. Twenty PRF samples from healthy volunteers were divided into non-irradiated controls and subgroups irradiated at specific wavelengths. Structural changes were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while VEGF and PDGF-BB concentrations were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SEM revealed that 940\u00a0nm irradiation induced the most pronounced structural alterations, with 80% irregular fibrin fiber arrangement under low magnification, compared to smoother fibers in controls. Conversely, 660\u00a0nm irradiation significantly increased growth factor release, with PDGF-BB levels rising to 52.89\u2009\u00b1\u20096.70 pg\/mL (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 vs. controls: 40.17\u2009\u00b1\u20092.75) and VEGF to 52.30\u2009\u00b1\u200927.54 pg\/mL (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.021 vs. controls: 41.83\u2009\u00b1\u200916.52). Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA, paired t-tests) confirmed wavelength-dependent effects, with 660\u00a0nm and 810\u00a0nm showing comparable efficacy (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.999), while 940\u00a0nm underperformed in growth factor release. These findings suggest that 660\u00a0nm irradiation maximizes growth factor secretion for accelerated healing, whereas 940\u00a0nm enhances structural integrity via fibrin network remodeling. This wavelength-specific duality offers a strategic framework for clinicians to tailor PBM protocols\u2014prioritizing either biochemical or structural outcomes\u2014in periodontal regenerative therapies. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these translational potentials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04688-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:57:09Z","timestamp":1760950629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative photobiomodulatory effects of 660\u00a0nm, 810\u00a0nm, and 940\u00a0nm diode lasers on platelet-rich fibrin: an ex vivo study on structural remodeling and VEGF\/PDGF-BB release for enhanced periodontal healing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Shreya","family":"Kohir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"V. Kurumathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavanya","family":"A. Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ebrahim","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshma","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12331","volume":"84","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T, Lambris JD (2020) Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis and targets for host-modulation therapy. Periodontol 2000 84(1):14\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12331","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"4688_CR2","first-page":"110","volume":"1","author":"P Papapanou","year":"1999","unstructured":"Papapanou P (1999) Epidemiology of periodontal diseases: an update. J Int Acad Periodontol 1(4):110\u2013116","journal-title":"J Int Acad Periodontol"},{"issue":"17","key":"4688_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5070","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175070","volume":"11","author":"K Zwittnig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zwittnig K, Kirnbauer B, Jakse N et al (2022) Growth factor release within liquid and solid PRF. J J Clin Med 11(17):5070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11175070","journal-title":"J J Clin Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4688_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28647","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28647","volume":"14","author":"M Gollapudi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gollapudi M, Bajaj P, Oza RR (2022) Injectable platelet-rich fibrin-a revolution in periodontal regeneration. Cureus 14(8):e28647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28647","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"4688_CR5","first-page":"621","volume":"9","author":"E Mester","year":"1968","unstructured":"Mester E, Szende B, G\u00e4rtner P (1968) The effect of laser beams on the growth of hair in mice. Radiobiol Radiother 9(5):621\u2013626","journal-title":"Radiobiol Radiother"},{"issue":"4","key":"4688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.9848","volume":"33","author":"JJ Anders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ, Arany PR (2015) Low-level light\/laser therapy versus photobiomodulation therapy. Photomed Laser Surg 33(4):183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2015.9848","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"4688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0007","volume":"31","author":"KT Atasoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Atasoy KT, Korkmaz YT, Odaci E et al (2017) The efficacy of low-level 940 Nm laser therapy with different energy intensities on bone healing. Braz Oral Res 31:e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0007","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4328\/ACAM.20900","volume":"13","author":"S Bilge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bilge S, Bayindir S, Demirba\u015f A et al (2022) Efficacy of diode laser therapy on osseointegration of dental implants: a split-mouth clinical study. ACAM 13(2):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4328\/ACAM.20900","journal-title":"ACAM"},{"issue":"10","key":"4688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20722","volume":"40","author":"RG Bush","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bush RG, Shamma HN, Hammond K (2008) Histological changes occurring after endoluminal ablation with two diode lasers (940 and 1319 nm) from acute changes to 4 months. Lasers Surg Med 40(10):676\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.20722","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"4688_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.06.004","volume":"125","author":"V Cury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cury V, Moretti AIS, Assis L et al (2013) Low level laser therapy increases angiogenesis in a model of ischemic skin flap in rats mediated by VEGF, HIF-1\u03b1 and MMP-2. J Photochem Photobiol B 125:164\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.06.004","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"8","key":"4688_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00089e","volume":"18","author":"H Serrage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Serrage H, Heiskanen V, Palin WM et al (2019) Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18(8):1877\u20131909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9pp00089e","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"4688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00109","volume":"6","author":"J Le Blanc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le Blanc J, Lordkipanidz\u00e9 M (2019) Platelet function in aging. Front Cardiovasc Med 6:109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00109","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4688_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0036","volume":"29","author":"A Giustina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E (2008) Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev 29(5):535\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2007-0036","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G et al (2007) G* power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39(2):175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/brm.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A (2009) Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 41(4):1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/brm.41.4.1149","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"4688_CR16","first-page":"55","volume":"42","author":"J Choukroun","year":"2000","unstructured":"Choukroun J, Adda F, Schoeffer C et al (2000) PRF: an opportunity in perio-implantology. Implantodontie 42:55\u201362","journal-title":"Implantodontie"},{"issue":"3","key":"4688_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2008.11.009","volume":"27","author":"DMD Ehrenfest","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ehrenfest DMD, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T (2009) Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte-and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol 27(3):158\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2008.11.009","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2016.0233","volume":"23","author":"RJ Miron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miron RJ, Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Bishara M et al (2017) Platelet-rich fibrin and soft tissue wound healing: a systematic review. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 23(1):83\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.teb.2016.0233","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"4688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45842-5","volume":"13","author":"E Olivero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olivero E, Gawronska E, Manimuda P et al (2023) Gradient porous structures of mycelium: A quantitative structure\u2013mechanical property analysis. Sci Rep 13(1):19285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-45842-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-009-0361-4","volume":"53","author":"H Tang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tang H, Zhu J, Xi Z et al (2010) Impact factors of fractal analysis of porous structure. Sci China Technol Sci 53(2):348\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11431-009-0361-4","journal-title":"Sci China Technol Sci"},{"key":"4688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104436","volume":"51","author":"L-H Chou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chou L-H, Yang T-S, Wong P-C et al (2025) Synergistic effects of platelet-rich fibrin and photobiomodulation on bone regeneration in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 51:104436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104436","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4103\/jnsm.jnsm_2_24","volume":"7","author":"P Zuleika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuleika P, Saleh I, Murti K et al (2024) Platelet-rich fibrin: A systematic review of its action. J Nat Sci Med 7(4):242\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jnsm.jnsm_2_24","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130303","DOI":"10.5812\/semj-130303","volume":"24","author":"A Sharifi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharifi A, Talaei-Khozani T, Tanideh N et al (2023) Evaluating the effects of Low-level laser therapy and Platelet-rich plasma on bone calcium content and mechanical properties at tooth extraction sites: an animal study. Shiraz E-Med J 24(3):e130303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/semj-130303","journal-title":"Shiraz E-Med J"},{"key":"4688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.002","volume":"151","author":"R Fekrazad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fekrazad R, Ghuchani MS, Eslaminejad MB et al (2015) The effects of combined low level laser therapy and mesenchymal stem cells on bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects. J Photochem Photobiol B 151:180\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.002","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"S4","key":"4688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12291","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS4.11914","volume":"6","author":"SS Aboud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aboud SS, Taha HJ, Mardan B (2022) Periodontal pocket treatment with diode laser 940 Nm. Int J Health Sci 6(S4):12291\u201312303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS4.11914","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/ijohr.ijohr_5_19","volume":"5","author":"A Bhatnagar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhatnagar A, Patil MB, Prakash S (2019) Microscopic evaluation of the effect of low-level laser therapy on platelet-rich fibrin: a light microscopic histological study. Indian J Oral Health Res 5(1):6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijohr.ijohr_5_19","journal-title":"Indian J Oral Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_277_24","volume":"37","author":"V Kalaivani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalaivani V, Narayanan V, Ravishankar PL et al (2025) A comparative evaluation of Platelet-derived growth factor in a-PRF and a-PRF plus, with and without Low-level laser Therapy\u2013An ex vivo pilot Study. low\u2013level laser therapy \u2013 An ex vivo pilot study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 37(1):45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_277_24","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1930-y","volume":"31","author":"LMR de Vasconcellos","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Vasconcellos LMR, Barbara MAM, da Silva Rovai E et al (2016) Titanium scaffold osteogenesis in healthy and osteoporotic rats is improved by the use of low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs). Lasers Med Sci 31(5):899\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-016-1930-y","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2426-0","volume":"33","author":"R Kunimatsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kunimatsu R, Gunji H, Tsuka Y et al (2018) Effects of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation on the proliferation and migration of mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Lasers Med Sci 33(5):959\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-017-2426-0","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4688_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71386-3","volume":"14","author":"A Etemadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Etemadi A, Aghaie M, Sayar F et al (2024) Effect of photobiomodulation therapy with 660 and 980 Nm diode lasers on differentiation of periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 14(1):20587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-71386-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/122688","volume":"57","author":"MAR Ladiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ladiz MAR, Mirzaei A, Hendi SS et al (2020) Effect of photobiomodulation with 810 and 940 nm diode lasers on human gingival fibroblasts. Dent Med Probl 57(4):369\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/dmp\/122688","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"key":"4688_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104054","volume":"46","author":"DA Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira DA, Bonatto MS, de Souza Santos S et al (2024) Comparison of different dual-wavelength photobiomodulation protocols application in third molar extractions. A split-mouth randomized controlled trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 46:104054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104054","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"4688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113505","volume":"9","author":"G Tenore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tenore G, Zimbalatti A, Rocchetti F et al (2020) Management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) using leukocyte-and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and photobiomodulation: a retrospective study. J Clin Med 9(11):3505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9113505","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04688-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04688-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04688-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:20:50Z","timestamp":1771399250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04688-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-025-04688-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision, Fortaleza, Brazil). Approval was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee (ECASM-AIMS-2022-187). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"446"}}