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Methods: 102 rats were divided into five groups- control: no induction of oral mucositis (OM); untreated group: OM induction, no treatment; PBM: OM induction and laser application (660\u00a0nm, 100 mW, 0.24\u00a0J, 2.4\u00a0s per point, 8\u00a0J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and in contact only at the OM site, bilaterally); a\u00e7a\u00ed: OM induction and supplementation with clarified a\u00e7a\u00ed; and PBM\u2009+\u2009a\u00e7a\u00ed: OM induction and combination of the two treatments mentioned above. Oral mucositis was chemically induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on days 0 (60\u00a0mg\/kg) and 2 (40\u00a0mg\/kg). PMB and supplementation with clarified a\u00e7a\u00ed (dose of 1\u00a0ml\/100\u00a0g body weight) were used from day 0 of the experiment until euthanasia. On days 0 (control group), 8, 10, and 14 (intervention groups), submandibular glands were collected for analysis, with the right side used for oxidative biochemical analysis and the left side for histological analysis. A two-way statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Results: PMB, alone or in combination with clarified a\u00e7a\u00ed, significantly increased antioxidant capacity levels and showed significantly lower levels of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide metabolites compared to the control group (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Morphologically, PBM, alone or combined with clarified a\u00e7a\u00ed, maintained parenchyma, stroma, and acinar structures similar to the control group, which was not subjected to OM induction. Conclusion: It was experimentally demonstrated that PBM, when used alone or combined with clarified a\u00e7a\u00ed, resulted in improved antioxidant response, in addition to providing glandular protection against structural damage caused by chemotherapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04876-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:00:03Z","timestamp":1777554003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preclinical evidence of photobiomodulation and clarified a\u00e7a\u00ed in submandibular gland protection during antineoplastic therapy: an experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Wallacy Watson Pereira","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walessa Alana Bragan\u00e7a","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo de Oliveira","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Eir\u00f3-Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Fernando Santos","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Ruan Neves","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadassa Helez Neves","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Messias","family":"Perdig\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Gil de Farias","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herve","family":"Rogez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roseana Almeida","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoela Domingues","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Rodrigues","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Duarte de","family":"Souza-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4876_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020232","volume":"15","author":"WY Abdelzaher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelzaher WY et al (2022) Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, febuxostat is effective against 5-fluorouracil-induced parotid salivary gland injury in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and targeting TRPC1\/CHOP signalling pathway. 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