{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:48:11Z","timestamp":1789080491649,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006416","name":"Universidade Estadual De Campinas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP+) as a bleaching agent, combined or not with blue or violet LEDs. Materials and methods: 108 sound bovine enamel\/dentin blocks stained with black tea were assigned to nine groups (n\u2009=\u200912): Control (no treatment - NC); MMO (Bright max violet LED, MMOptics); VIO (VIO405, HiSmile); PAP (PAP+ - VIO405 whitening kit, HiSmile); PAP\/MMO; PAP\/VIO; HP10 (10% Hydrogen Peroxide - White Class 10%, FGM); HP10\/MMO; HP10\/VIO. LED irradiation and light potency were analyzed, and the pH of the gels was assessed before and after treatment. Afterwards, dental blocks underwent treatment for 7 days according to each protocol. Samples were assessed for color change (\u0394E\n                    <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), whiteness index (\u0394WI\n                    <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), microhardness analysis and enamel morphology (SEM). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey or Bonferroni post-hoc test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05), and Linear Mixed Models and Tukey-Kramer (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). Results: VIO delivered approximately 10% of MMO irradiance. Irradiation reduced gel pH, but values remained above 5.8. PAP did not differ from controls, regardless of LED use (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05), whereas HP10 showed greater bleaching efficacy, especially when combined with MMO (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No morphological enamel damage was observed, and microhardness increased over time in all groups (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Conclusion: VIO exhibited lower power and stability than MMO, but arguably, both enhanced the efficacy of HP10. Under the tested protocol, PAP+ failed to induce significant bleaching, regardless of association to LED irradiation, while HP10 effectively induced bleaching independently of LED association. Importantly, none of the tested treatments resulted in microhardness loss or morphological damage to the enamel surface. Clinical relevance: PAP\u2009+\u2009was not able to promote significant bleaching in the adopted protocol, showing mostly similarities to the NC group, and did not improve the LED devices efficacy. PH10 consistently showed significant bleaching, benefiting from the association with MMO. MMO alone was able to produce light bleaching effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04888-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:04:19Z","timestamp":1779249859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP+) associated or not with LED irradiation as a bleaching agent: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Samuel da Silva","family":"Palandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Roberto de Lima","family":"Benati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz de C\u00e1ssia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Kury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"4888_CR1","first-page":"1229","volume":"39","author":"WAB Aragao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aragao WAB, Chemelo VS, Alencar CM, Silva CM, Pessanha S, Reis A, Souza-Rodrigues RD, Lima RR (2024) Biological action of bleaching agents on tooth structure: A review. Histol Histopathol 39(10):1229\u20131243","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4888_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12519","volume":"31","author":"J Rodriguez-Martinez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Martinez J, Valiente M, Sanchez-Martin MJ (2019) Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects. J Esthet Restor Dent 31(5):431\u2013440","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"4888_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102733","volume":"38","author":"J Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa J, Besegato JF, Zaniboni JF, Galvani LD, Kuga MC (2022) Effects of tooth bleaching protocols with violet LED and hydrogen peroxide on enamel properties. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 38:102733","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4888_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12453","volume":"34","author":"ED Acuna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acuna ED, Parreiras SO, Favoreto MW, Cruz GP, Gomes A, Borges CPF, Loguercio AD, Reis A (2022) In-office bleaching with a commercial 40% hydrogen peroxide gel modified to have different pHs: Color change, surface morphology, and penetration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber. J Esthet Restor Dent 34(2):322\u2013327","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"4888_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2341\/17-257-L","volume":"44","author":"MO Gallinari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gallinari MO, Fagundes TC, da Silva LM, de Almeida Souza MB, Barboza A, Briso A (2019) A New Approach for Dental Bleaching Using Violet Light With or Without the Use of Whitening Gel: Study of Bleaching Effectiveness. Oper Dent 44(5):521\u2013529","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"4888_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.04.010","volume":"40","author":"LB He","year":"2012","unstructured":"He LB, Shao MY, Tan K, Xu X, Li JY (2012) The effects of light on bleaching and tooth sensitivity during in-office vital bleaching: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 40(8):644\u2013653","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"4888_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20170589","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2017-0589","volume":"26","author":"V Cavalli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cavalli V, Rosa DAD, Silva DPD, Kury M, Liporoni PCS, Soares LES, Martins AA (2018) Effects of experimental bleaching agents on the mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels. J Appl Oral Sci 26:e20170589","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"4888_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e073","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2025.vol39.073","volume":"39","author":"TRD Paini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paini TRD, Souza M, Castro-Hoshino LV, Previdelli ITS, Bento AC, Sato F, Tsuzuki F, Terada RSS, Baesso ML, Pascotto RC (2025) Bleaching at acidic and basic pH for enamel and dentin whitening using internal and external techniques. Braz Oral Res 39:e073","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4888_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04401-4","volume":"26","author":"TS Carneiro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carneiro TS, Favoreto MW, Bernardi LG, Sutil E, Wendlinger M, Centenaro GG, Reis A, Loguercio AD (2022) Gingival irritation in patients submitted to at-home bleaching with different cutouts of the bleaching tray: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 26(6):4381\u20134390","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"4888_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106095","volume":"162","author":"PBG de Melo","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Melo PBG, Benati MRL, Matos I, Santos GSD, Kury M, Florez FLE, Cavalli V (2025) Clinical performance of low-concentration bleaching gels with hyaluronic acid and NF_TiO(2) nanoparticles activated by violet LED: A randomized clinical trial. J Dent 162:106095","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"4888_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kury M, Hiers RD, Zhao YD, Picolo MZD, Hsieh J, Khajotia SS, Esteban Florez FL, Cavalli V (2022) Novel experimental in-office bleaching gels containing co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 12(17):2995","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12172995"},{"issue":"3","key":"4888_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2341\/23-093-L","volume":"49","author":"NR Carlos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carlos NR, Basting RT, Kantovitz KR, Bronze-Uhle ES, Lisboa Filho PN, Cavalli V, Basting RT (2024) In-office bleaching activated with violet LED: effect on pulpal and tooth temperature and pulp viability. Oper Dent 49(3):262\u2013272","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"issue":"9","key":"4888_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13484","volume":"37","author":"MRL de Benati","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Benati MRL, de Melo PBG, de Oliveira Ribeiro RA, Florez FLE, de Souza Costa CA, Cavalli V (2025) Hyaluronic Acid-Based Bleaching Gels With NF_TiO(2) and Violet LED: Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Low-Concentration H(2)O(2) for In-Office Bleaching. J Esthet Restor Dent 37(9):2094\u20132103","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"10","key":"4888_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05916-8","volume":"28","author":"M Kury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kury M, de Oliveira Ribeiro RA, de Souza Costa CA, Florez FLE, Cavalli V (2024) Co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles decrease the cytotoxicity of experimental hydrogen peroxide gels for in-office tooth bleaching. Clin Oral Investig 28(10):550","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"4888_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201600329","volume":"27","author":"LT Cintra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cintra LT, Benetti F, Ferreira LL, Gomes-Filho JE, Ervolino E, Gallinari Mde O, Rahal V, Briso AL (2016) Penetration Capacity, Color Alteration and Biological Response of Two In-office Bleaching Protocols. Braz Dent J 27(2):169\u2013175","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"4888_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascolutti M, de Oliveira D (2021) A radical-free approach to teeth whitening. Dent J 9(12):148","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9120148"},{"key":"4888_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llena C, Saenz L, Ghilotti J, Folguera S, Melo M (2026) Phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP) Versus peroxides and impact on dental enamel after whitening treatment: an in vitro study. J Funct Biomater 17(2):104","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17020104"},{"key":"4888_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller-Heupt LK, Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Kaya S, Schumann S, Steiger M, Bjelopavlovic M, Deschner J, Al-Nawas B, Lehmann KM (2023) Effectiveness and safety of over-the-counter tooth-whitening agents compared to hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 24(3):1956","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031956"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4888_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1442","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1825_24","volume":"17","author":"SS Kumbhare","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumbhare SS, Mangalekar SB, Vhanmane P, Vijapure S, Shankar S, Sawant P (2025) An Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Novel Non-Peroxide, Phthalimidoperoxycaproic Acid Teeth Whitening Agent in Conjunction with 810-nm Diode Laser. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 17(Suppl 2):S1442\u2013S1444","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4888_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04357-x","volume":"26","author":"M Kury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kury M, Rueggeberg FA, Soto-Montero JR, Andre CB, Resende BA, Giannini M, Cavalli V (2022) Characterization and effectiveness of a violet LED light for in-office whitening. Clin Oral Investig 26(5):3899\u20133910","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"4888_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103568","volume":"42","author":"SDS Palandi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palandi SDS, Kury M, Cavalli V (2023) Influence of violet LED and fluoride-containing carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on early-stage eroded\/abraded teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 42:103568","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4888_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.12.008","volume":"32","author":"M Perez Mdel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perez Mdel M, Ghinea R, Rivas MJ, Yebra A, Ionescu AM, Paravina RD, Herrera LJ (2016) Development of a customized whiteness index for dentistry based on CIELAB color space. Dent Mater 32(3):461\u2013467","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"4888_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12465","volume":"31","author":"RD Paravina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paravina RD, Perez MM, Ghinea R (2019) Acceptability and perceptibility thresholds in dentistry: A comprehensive review of clinical and research applications. J Esthet Restor Dent 31(2):103\u2013112","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"4888_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.11.022","volume":"35","author":"MM Perez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez MM, Herrera LJ, Carrillo F, Pecho OE, Dudea D, Gasparik C, Ghinea R, Bona AD (2019) Whiteness difference thresholds in dentistry. Dent Mater 35(2):292\u2013297","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"4","key":"4888_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201600152","volume":"27","author":"F Almeida Lde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Almeida Lde F, Turrioni AP, Basso FG, Montoro LA, Souza-Costa CA, Hebling J (2016) Red LED Photobiomodulates the Metabolic Activity of Odontoblast-Like Cells. Braz Dent J 27(4):375\u2013380","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"4888_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2670-y","volume":"34","author":"MN Luong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luong MN, Otsuki M, Shimada Y, Ei TZ, Sumi Y, Tagami J (2019) Effect of lights with various wavelengths on bleaching by 30% hydrogen peroxide. Lasers Med Sci 34(5):901\u2013906","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"4888_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5475","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.494591","volume":"62","author":"RK Al-Hamd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Hamd RK, Al-Janabi A (2023) Evaluation of the laser wavelength role on tooth bleaching in terms of color change, roughness, and microhardness with pulpal rapid temperature monitoring: an in vitro study. Appl Opt 62(20):5475\u20135486","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"4888_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103133","volume":"40","author":"TM Manzoli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manzoli TM, Costa J, Besegato JF, Gelio MB, Galvani LD, Bordini EAF, Kuga MC, Dantas AAR (2022) Violet LED associated with high concentration hydrogen peroxide: Effects on bleaching efficacy, pH, and temperature. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 40:103133","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"4888_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2049-7","volume":"21","author":"CC de Oliveira Duque","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Oliveira Duque CC, Soares DG, Basso FG, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA (2017) Influence of enamel\/dentin thickness on the toxic and esthetic effects of experimental in-office bleaching protocols. Clin Oral Investig 21(8):2509\u20132520","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"4888_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103793","volume":"44","author":"JS Leite","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leite JS, Goncalves CO, Hortkoff DRA, Gomes GM, Rastelli ANS, Gomes JC (2023) In vitro bleaching efficacy of violet LED associated with 10% hydrogen peroxide and 10% carbamide peroxide. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 44:103793","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4888_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04062-9","volume":"26","author":"M Kury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kury M, Wada EE, da Silva Palandi S, Picolo MZD, Giannini M, Cavalli V (2022) Colorimetric evaluation after in-office tooth bleaching with violet LED: 6- and 12-month follow-ups of a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 26(1):837\u2013847","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"4888_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190720","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2019-0720","volume":"28","author":"M Kury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kury M, Wada EE, Silva DPD, Tabchoury CPM, Giannini M, Cavalli V (2020) Effect of violet LED light on in-office bleaching protocols: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci 28:e20190720","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4888_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12152","volume":"27","author":"SR Kwon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwon SR, Wertz PW (2015) Review of the Mechanism of Tooth Whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent 27(5):240\u2013257","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"4888_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103423","volume":"100","author":"R Alkahtani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alkahtani R, Stone S, German M, Waterhouse P (2020) A review on dental whitening. J Dent 100:103423","journal-title":"J Dent"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04888-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04888-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04888-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:04:24Z","timestamp":1779249864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04888-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04888-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial interest in the companies whose materials are included in this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure statement"}}],"article-number":"95"}}