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Biofilm formation (preventive approach) and established biofilms were treated with curcumin followed by irradiation with 450\u00a0nm LED light. Biofilm biomass was quantitatively assessed using the crystal violet assay. Comparative analyses were performed to determine species-dependent responses to aPDT. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and intergroup comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn\u2019s post hoc test when appropriate.\u00a0All\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains demonstrated a pronounced ability to form biofilms, being classified as strong biofilm producers, except\n                    <jats:italic>Candida dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which exhibited moderate biofilm formation. Curcumin-mediated aPDT significantly inhibited biofilm development across all tested species (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), achieving reductions of 86.82% for\n                    <jats:italic>C. metapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 85.05% for\n                    <jats:italic>C. orthopsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 83.33% for\n                    <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 75.34% for\n                    <jats:italic>C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 68.19% for\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This preventive antibiofilm effect is likely associated with reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in oxidative damage to essential cellular structures and impairment of early extracellular matrix establishment. In contrast, aPDT activity against mature biofilms was significantly attenuated and highly species-dependent, with reductions ranging from 49.63% (\n                    <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to 0.64% (\n                    <jats:italic>C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ); however, these reductions were not statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\u00a0Curcumin-mediated aPDT exerted a significant preventive antibiofilm effect against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation but showed limited and non-significant activity against mature biofilms. These findings position curcumin-mediated aPDT as a promising strategy for preventing\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm establishment, while indicating that improved photosensitizer delivery and optimized irradiation protocols are required to enhance activity against established biofilms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04924-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T07:22:23Z","timestamp":1781940143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy prevents Candida biofilm formation in a species-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Salviano Sim\u00f5es Chagas","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena Cristina","family":"da Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdirene Neves","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evandro Le\u00e3o","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Danilo","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pl\u00ednio L\u00e1zaro Faleiro","family":"Naves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4924_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081934","volume":"11","author":"A Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali A, Zahra A, Kamthan M, Husain FM, Albalawi T, Zubair M, Alatawy R, Abid M, Noorani MS (2023) Microbial biofilms: applications, clinical consequences, and alternative therapies. 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