{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T03:02:06Z","timestamp":1784689326439,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2024-I2M-C&T-B-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-I2M-C&T-B-031"]}]},{"name":"the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2025-PUMCH-A-093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-PUMCH-A-093"]}]},{"name":"the Peking Union Medical College Hospital Talent Cultivation Program Category D","award":["UHB12000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UHB12000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) technique delivers synchronized dual-pulse Er: YAG laser energy to enhance fluid dynamics during laser-activated irrigation. The temporal delay (Tp) between consecutive pulses is a key parameter, but its influence on fluid dynamics within a confined root canal environment remains unclear. This in vitro study investigated the effects of different Tp settings on bubble morphology and transient apical peak pressure (TAPP) in a simulated root canal model. A transparent single-rooted resin anterior tooth model (apical diameter: 0.30 mm, taper: 6%, root canal length: 12 mm) was fabricated. The root canal was filled with deionized water. SWEEPS dual-pulse Er: YAG laser irrigation (20 mJ\/pulse, 20 Hz) was performed at five Tp settings: 120, 210, 300, 400, and 500 \u00b5s. Bubble dynamics within the root canal were recorded using a high-speed camera system (200,000 fps). The grayscale integral of bubble images was calculated using MATLAB as a surrogate for relative bubble volume. Simultaneously, TAPP at the root apex was measured using a high-frequency pressure sensor (50 kHz). Four repeated measurements were performed per Tp group. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s HSD post-hoc test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). Both bubble morphology and TAPP varied significantly with Tp. At Tp\u2009=\u2009120 \u00b5s, the bubbles generated by the first and second pulses coalesced into a single larger bubble, whereas at Tp\u2009=\u2009300\u2013500 \u00b5s, two independent bubbles formed sequentially. The grayscale integral (secondary cavitation volume surrogate) was significantly higher at Tp\u2009=\u2009120 \u00b5s ((0.074\u2009\u00b1\u20090.010) \u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    pixel) than at 210 \u00b5s ((0.052\u2009\u00b1\u20090.012) \u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    pixel), P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and significantly higher at 500 \u00b5s ((2.767\u2009\u00b1\u20090.195) \u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    pixel) than at 300 \u00b5s ((1.926\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06) \u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    pixel) and 400 \u00b5s ((1.986\u2009\u00b1\u20090.135) \u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    pixel, both P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). TAPP followed a similar pattern: 120 \u00b5s produced significantly higher apical pressure than 210 \u00b5s (3.520\u2009\u00b1\u20090.291 vs. 2.835\u2009\u00b1\u20090.047 kPa, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and 500 \u00b5s produced significantly higher pressure than 300 and 400 \u00b5s (3.398\u2009\u00b1\u20090.068 vs. 2.807\u2009\u00b1\u20090.099 and 3.128\u2009\u00b1\u20090.182 kPa, both P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No significant differences in TAPP were observed between 120 and 500 \u00b5s (P\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). In this in vitro resin root canal model with deionized water, SWEEPS dual-pulse Er: YAG laser-activated irrigation with Tp\u2009=\u2009120 or 500 \u00b5s produced greater secondary cavitation volume and higher apical pressure than intermediate Tp values (210\u2013400 \u00b5s), indicating that Tp significantly influences fluid dynamics under the tested experimental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04947-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1784686213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of temporal delay in SWEEPS dual-pulse Er: YAG laser-activated irrigation on fluid dynamics in confined domain environment: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kedi","family":"Jihu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jizhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4947_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-024-00280-5","volume":"16","author":"X Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou X, Zheng X, Liang Y, Zhang C, Fan B, Liang J, Ling J, Bian Z, Yu Q, Hou B (2024) Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy. 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