{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:04:54Z","timestamp":1784711094394,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Post-procedural erythema following energy-based dermatological treatments is a common concern affecting patient satisfaction and downtime. Nano-sized ultrafine water clusters (UFW), generated by conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)\u2013poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT\/PSS) technology, represent a nanometer-scale water cluster species (average aerosol-phase particle diameter\u2009\u2248\u20091.4\u00a0nm). This split-face, randomized, evaluator-blinded pilot study evaluated the efficacy of UFW in reducing erythema following fractionated picosecond alexandrite laser (Fr-PSAL) treatment with a diffractive lens array. Twenty-five female subjects were assigned to a pre-treatment (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913) or post-treatment (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912) group. UFW was applied for 30\u00a0min to one randomly selected facial side; the contralateral side served as control. Two independent board-certified dermatologists, blinded to allocation, correctly identified the UFW-treated side with high concordance in both groups. In the post-treatment group, each evaluator achieved 11\/12 correct identifications (91.7%, binomial\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003); Cohen\u2019s kappa between evaluators was 0.625 (substantial agreement). In the pre-treatment group, Evaluator 1 identified 11\/13 correct (84.6%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011) and Evaluator 2 identified 12\/13 correct (92.3%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002); Cohen\u2019s kappa was 0.831 (almost perfect agreement). An exploratory semi-quantitative hemoglobin-enhanced image analysis provided objective support, although the strength of that support differed between the two groups. In the post-treatment group, the pre-specified primary metric (erythema density) was robustly significant (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.93,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004). In the pre-treatment group, the pre-specified primary metric (erythema area) was also significant (d\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.57,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.031), but this prophylactic-arm result depended on per-subject selection of the comparison timepoint and was not significant when a fixed 6\u00a0h timepoint was used (7\/13 correct, 53.8%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.448); it should therefore be regarded as hypothesis-generating. No adverse events were observed. These results provide the first clinical evidence that UFW effectively reduces post-laser erythema, with findings consistent with both therapeutic and prophylactic mechanisms of action.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-04967-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:57:35Z","timestamp":1784710655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of nano-sized ultrafine water clusters in reducing erythema following fractionated picosecond alexandrite laser treatment: a split-face, randomized, evaluator-blinded pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9308-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Oku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6395","key":"4967_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat4191","volume":"360","author":"L Fumagalli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fumagalli L, Esfandiar A, Fabregas R, Hu S, Ares P, Janardanan A, Yang Q, Radha B, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Gomila G, Novoselov KS, Geim AK (2018) Anomalously low dielectric constant of confined water. Science 360(6395):1339\u20131342","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"4967_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c21-00110","volume":"69","author":"H Todo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Todo H, Hasegawa Y, Okada A, Itakura S, Sugibayashi K (2021) Improvement of skin permeation of caffeine, a hydrophilic drug, by the application of water droplets provided by a novel humidifier device. Chem Pharm Bull 69(8):727\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.c21-00110","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"4967_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12648","volume":"25","author":"N Nishimura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nishimura N, Inoue S, Yokoyama K, Iwase S (2019) Effect of spraying of fine water particles on facial skin moisture and viscoelasticity in adult women. Skin Res Technol 25(3):294\u2013298","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4967_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22577","volume":"49","author":"RA Weiss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiss RA, McDaniel DH, Weiss MA, Mahoney AM, Beasley KL, Halvorson CR (2017) Safety and efficacy of a novel diffractive lens array using a picosecond 755 nm alexandrite laser for treatment of wrinkles. Lasers Surg Med 49(1):40\u201344","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4967_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23014","volume":"51","author":"H Wat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wat H, Yee-Nam Shek S, Yeung CK, Chan HH (2019) Efficacy and safety of picosecond 755-nm alexandrite laser with diffractive lens array for non-ablative rejuvenation in Chinese skin. 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Lasers Surg Med 52(2):176\u2013181","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4967_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000004398","volume":"51","author":"J Tao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tao J, Hashemi DA, Bajaj S, Wang JV, Geronemus RG (2025) 755-nm picosecond laser with diffractive lens array for acne scars in Fitzpatrick skin types V and VI. Dermatol Surg 51(2):171\u2013174","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4967_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. 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Nanobubble 2022 Conference abstract, September 18\u201321, 2022, Magdeburg, Germany"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04967-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04967-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04967-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:57:39Z","timestamp":1784710659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04967-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-026-04967-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent for publication of their anonymized photographs.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by an independent third-party ethics review board (Shiba Palace Clinic Ethics Review Board) that is administratively and financially separate from the investigator\u2019s affiliated institution. The approval number was 162799_rn-43040. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, including consent for publication of their anonymized photographs.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"160"}}