{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:24:09Z","timestamp":1788269049099,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vaginal laxity is a prevalent condition that can impair sexual function. Bipolar radiofrequency (RF) is a minimally invasive treatment; however, prospective evidence remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate changes in both subjective and objective measures of vaginal laxity following bipolar RF.\u00a0This prospective observational study enrolled premenopausal women with symptomatic vaginal laxity who received four intravaginal bipolar RF sessions. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 6 months in the Vaginal Laxity Questionnaire score. The secondary outcomes included change in genital hiatus area assessed by transperineal ultrasound, vaginal flatus frequency, vaginal laxity bother, sexual function, sexual distress, and patient-reported global improvement. Analyses were performed using paired Student t tests for genital hiatus and Friedman tests for repeated measures for patient-reported outcomes, with corresponding effect sizes reported.\u00a0Thirty-two women completed follow-up. VLQ scores increased from a median of 2.0 at baseline to 4.0 at 6 months (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Regarding the secondary objective outcome, mean GH area decreased from 21.4 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 18.3 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.89). FSFI scores increased, and FSDS-R scores decreased over time (both\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). LVB scores also decreased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). At 6 months, 87.5% of participants reported global improvement, and no adverse events were observed.\u00a0In this uncontrolled observational cohort, changes over time were observed in both subjective and objective measures of vaginal laxity in premenopausal women following bipolar RF; however, given the absence of a control or sham group, a contribution of placebo effect or expectation bias to the observed outcomes cannot be excluded.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-026-05010-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:11:34Z","timestamp":1788268294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of bipolar radiofrequency in the treatment of vaginal laxity: a single-center cohort study in premenopausal women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Pablo Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Isaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Cer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Carolina","family":"Berm\u00fadez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahir Alexander","family":"Soto-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"5010_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6234","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM12196234","volume":"12","author":"T Fait","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fait T, Baltaz\u00e1r T, Bubenickova L (2023) Treatment of vulvovaginal laxity by electroporation: the jett plasma medical for her II Study. J Clin Med 12(19):6234\u20136234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JCM12196234","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5010_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/IJGO.12810","volume":"145","author":"S Talab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Talab S, Al-Badr A, AlKusayer GM, Dawood A, Bazi T (2019) Correlates of vaginal laxity symptoms in women attending a urogynecology clinic in Saudi Arabia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 145(3):278\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/IJGO.12810","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"5010_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sezgic M, Karakol P (2023) Vaginoplasty and perineoplasty. In: postpartum body changes. pp. 581\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43840-1_35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43840-1_35"},{"key":"5010_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ricottone J, Richards R, Reese A, Burke M, Brennan M (2024) (196) Vaginal rejuvenation by laser or radiofrequency: a systematic review of the literature. J Sex Med 21(Supplement_7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JSXMED\/QDAE167.191","DOI":"10.1093\/JSXMED\/QDAE167.191"},{"issue":"4","key":"5010_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/S13224-016-0868-0","volume":"66","author":"N Magon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magon N, Alinsod R (2016) ThermiVa: the revolutionary technology for vulvovaginal rejuvenation and noninvasive management of female SUI. J Obstet Gynaecol India 66(4):300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13224-016-0868-0","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"issue":"05","key":"5010_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2113-3202","volume":"50","author":"I Aulia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aulia I, Valeria M (2023) Current perspectives in vaginal laxity measurement: a scoping review. Arch Plast Surg 50(05):452\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2113-3202","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"5010_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-025-02432-5","volume":"23","author":"H Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen H, Meng J, Li Q, Luo X, Wang Y, Chen Y et al (2025) Patient-reported outcomes and measures for vaginal relaxation syndrome management: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 23(1):98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-025-02432-5","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"5010_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2025.08.012","volume":"29","author":"H Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen H, Meng J, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, Niu X et al (2026) Clinical outcomes and measures for vaginal relaxation syndrome: a systematic review. Value Health 29(1):149\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2025.08.012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"5010_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/JSXMED\/QDAE028","volume":"21","author":"GMV Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira GMV, Cartwright R, Juliato CRT, Domoney C, Iglesia CB, Brito LGO (2024) Treatment of women with vaginal laxity: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sex Med 21(5):430\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JSXMED\/QDAE028","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5010_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4103\/JMH.JMH_32_24","volume":"15","author":"SB Solanki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solanki SB, Mishra V, Mishra N, Desai SA, Alinsod R (2025) Transcutaneous temperature-controlled radiofrequency for vaginal rejuvenation. J -Life Health 15(4):250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JMH.JMH_32_24","journal-title":"J -Life Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5010_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/S12905-023-02261-Y","volume":"23","author":"L Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu L, Long S, Li Q (2023) The efficacy and safety of temperature controlled dual-mode radiofrequency in women with vaginal laxity. BMC Womens Health 23(1):121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12905-023-02261-Y","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"5010_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-021-03438-3","volume":"37","author":"P Wattanakrai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wattanakrai P, Limpjaroenviriyakul N, Thongtan D, Wattanayingcharoenchai R, Manonai J (2022) The efficacy and safety of a combined multipolar radiofrequency with pulsed electromagnetic field technology for the treatment of vaginal laxity: a double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 37:1829\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-021-03438-3","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5010_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01910.x","volume":"7","author":"LS Millheiser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Millheiser LS, Pauls RN, Herbst SJ, Chen BH (2010) Radiofrequency treatment of vaginal laxity after vaginal delivery: nonsurgical vaginal tightening. J Sex Med 7(9):3088\u20133095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01910.x","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5010_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5603\/gpl.105643","volume":"97","author":"AK Kaya","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kaya AK, Menek MY (2026) Investigation of the effects of Kegel exercises on vaginal flatus among postpartum women: a randomized controlled trial. Ginekol Pol 97(2):95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/gpl.105643","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"5010_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez B, Navarro-Braz\u00e1lez B, Arranz-Mart\u00edn B, S\u00e1nchez-M\u00e9ndez \u00d3, de la Rosa-D\u00edaz I, Torres-Lacomba M (2020) The female sexual function index: transcultural adaptation and psychometric validation in spanish women. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17030994","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030994"},{"issue":"1","key":"5010_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.53","volume":"3","author":"JS Carpenter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carpenter JS, Reed SD, Guthrie KA (2015) Using an FSDS-R item to screen for sexually related distress: A MsFLASH Analysis. Sex Med 3(1):7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sm2.53","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5010_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2929.2004.02012.X","volume":"38","author":"S Jamieson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jamieson S (2004) Likert scales: how to (ab)use them. Med Educ 38(12):1217\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1365-2929.2004.02012.X","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"5010_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-5-4-18","volume":"5","author":"GM Sullivan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sullivan GM, Artino AR (2013) Analyzing and interpreting data from likert-type scales. J Grad Med Educ 5(4):541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4300\/JGME-5-4-18","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"5010_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002845","volume":"47","author":"MLW Juh\u00e1sz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juh\u00e1sz MLW, Korta DZ, Mesinkovska NA (2021) Vaginal rejuvenation: a retrospective review of lasers and radiofrequency devices. Dermatol Surg 47(4):489\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002845","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"5010_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen H, Meng J, Li Q, Pan W, Niu X, Wei D (2026) Efficacy and safety of energy-based device therapy in women diagnosed with vaginal relaxation syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-026-06700-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-026-06700-w"},{"key":"5010_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21037\/gpm-25-36","volume":"8","author":"C Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo C, Wei D, Yu X, Chen Y (2025) Application progress of radiofrequency (RF) therapy in pelvic floor disorders (PFDs): a narrative review focusing on randomized controlled trials. Gynecol Pelvic Med 8:25\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/gpm-25-36","journal-title":"Gynecol Pelvic Med"},{"key":"5010_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.09.022","volume":"254","author":"JH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim JH, Kim K, Ahn S (2020) Pilot study of radiofrequency thermal therapy performed twice on the entire vaginal wall for vaginal laxity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 254:159\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.09.022","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5010_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/JOCD.12348","volume":"16","author":"S Lalji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lalji S, Lozanova P (2017) Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a monopolar nonablative radiofrequency device for the improvement of vulvo-vaginal laxity and urinary incontinence. J Cosmet Dermatol 16(2):230\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JOCD.12348","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5010_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.34172\/JLMS.2021.56","volume":"12","author":"M Razzaghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Razzaghi M, Asghari-azghan A, Montazeri S, Razzaghi Z, Mazloomfard MM, Vafaee R (2021) Intravaginal pulsed contractile radiofrequency for stress urinary incontinence treatment; a safety study. J Lasers Med Sci 12(1):e56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/JLMS.2021.56","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5010_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/S00192-025-06065-6","volume":"36","author":"XX Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang XX, Xu Y, Song YF, Zheng XH, Jiang XX, Lin CQ (2025) Efficacy of two modes of transvaginal temperature-controlled radiofrequency for female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 36(9):1759\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00192-025-06065-6","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-026-05010-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10103-026-05010-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10103-026-05010-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:11:35Z","timestamp":1788268295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10103-026-05010-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-026-05010-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-604X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-604X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Connectica SAS Ethics Committee (Approval Minute AC-CNA-04; Protocol 003CON-PG-2025).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"P.G. Isaza, D. V\u00e9lez, M. Cer\u00f3n, M. R\u00edos, D.C. Berm\u00fadez, and J.A. Soto-Mora declare that they have no competing financial or non-financial interests relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"208"}}