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Yuko Kitagawa has received personal fee from ASAHI KASEI PHARMA CORPORATION, TAIHO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., KAKEN PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,LTD., Kowa Company, Ltd, Ethicon Inc., ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Olympus Corporation, Cardinal Health K.K., SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., MSD K.K., ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MIYARISAN PHARMACEUTICAL CO. LTD., Toray Industries, Inc., DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED, Chugai Foundation for Innovative Drug Discovery Science, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., EA Pharma Co.,Ltd., Intuitive Surgical G.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, SYSMEX CORPORATION, TSUMURA & CO., AI Medical Service Inc., and Eisai Co., Ltd. Yuko Kitagawa has other interests from SYSMEX CORPORATION (Joint Research Laboratory for Development and Education of Innovative Medical Technology), Medicaroid Corporation (Joint Research Laboratory for Development and Education of Innovative Medical Technology), and the Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery (Editor in Chief of Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery). Keita Kouzu, Shotaro Aso, Yuki Hirano, Hiroki Matsui, Kiyohide Fushimi, Hiroki Kitagawa, Toru Kato, Naoki Yamane, Osahiko Hagiwara, Norikatsu Miyoshi, Satoru Matsuda, Hiroshi Maruyama, Keita Morikane, Junichi Sasaki, Hideo Yasunaga, and Hironori Tsujimoto declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The need for informed consent was waived because anonymized data were used in this study. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Tokyo [approval number: 3501-(5)].","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}