{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:52:27Z","timestamp":1783529547805,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastric Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-025-01699-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:51:14Z","timestamp":1765284674000},"page":"250-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer: a single-center retrospective analysis of 86 cases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sung-Hoon","family":"Byun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Se","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soomin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang Won","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Hoon","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Haeng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poong-Lyul","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830101)51:1<154::AID-CNCR2820510130>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"51","author":"CP Kokkoris","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kokkoris CP. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. How does cancer reach the pia-arachnoid? Cancer. 1983;51(1):154\u201360.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.010","volume":"31","author":"HP Bhambhvani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhambhvani HP, Rodrigues AJ, Umeh-Garcia MC, Hayden Gephart M. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: molecular landscape, current management, and emerging therapies. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(4):613\u201325.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"issue":"42","key":"1699_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73312","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20272","volume":"8","author":"G Nayar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nayar G, Ejikeme T, Chongsathidkiet P, Elsamadicy AA, Blackwell KL, Clarke JM, et al. Leptomeningeal disease: current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Oncotarget. 2017;8(42):73312\u201328.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2014.86.1.16","volume":"86","author":"NH Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim NH, Kim JH, Chin HM, Jun KH. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer: single Institute retrospective analysis of 9 cases. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2014;86(1):16\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Treat Res"},{"issue":"40","key":"1699_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5086","volume":"15","author":"SY Oh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oh SY, Lee SJ, Lee J, Lee S, Kim SH, Kwon HC, et al. Gastric leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: multi-center retrospective analysis of 54 cases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(40):5086\u201390.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1699_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-025-01597-8","volume":"28","author":"S Arjani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arjani S, Jeon H, Chadha B, Yousuf H, Castellucci E. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer: a review. Gastric Cancer. 2025;28(3):311\u201325.","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<759::AID-CNCR2820490427>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"49","author":"WR Wasserstrom","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer. 1982;49(4):759\u201372.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"1699_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32833de986","volume":"22","author":"MC Chamberlain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chamberlain MC. Leptomeningeal metastasis. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010;22(6):627\u201335.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2174\/157339411797642597","volume":"7","author":"T Leal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leal T, Chang JE, Mehta M, Robins HI. Leptomeningeal metastasis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Cancer Ther Rev. 2011;7(4):319\u201327.","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Ther Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-973","volume":"10","author":"TK Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen TK, Nguyen EK, Soliman H. An overview of leptomeningeal disease. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(1):909\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1699_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30060442","volume":"30","author":"A Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen A, Nguyen A, Dada OT, Desai PD, Ricci JC, Godbole NB, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis: a review of the pathophysiology, diagnostic methodology, and therapeutic landscape. Curr Oncol. 2023;30(6):5906\u201331.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1699_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-023-01432-2","volume":"25","author":"MA Roy-O\u2019Reilly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roy-O\u2019Reilly MA, Lanman T, Ruiz A, Rogawski D, Stocksdale B, Nagpal S. Diagnostic and therapeutic updates in leptomeningeal disease. Curr Oncol Rep. 2023;25(8):937\u201350.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"1699_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.12.021","volume":"56","author":"JW Hyun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hyun JW, Jeong IH, Joung A, Cho HJ, Kim SH, Kim HJ. Leptomeningeal metastasis: clinical experience of 519 cases. Eur J Cancer. 2016;56:107\u201314.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"1699_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00839","volume":"10","author":"L Bonig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonig L, Mohn N, Ahlbrecht J, Wurster U, Raab P, Puppe W, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis: the role of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics. Front Neurol. 2019;10:839.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2025.25.e11","volume":"25","author":"IH Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim IH, Kang SJ, Choi W, Seo AN, Eom BW, Kang B, et al. Korean practice guidelines for gastric cancer 2024: an Evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach (Update of 2022 Guideline). J Gastric Cancer. 2025;25(1):5\u2013114.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"1699_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Japanese Gastric Cancer A. Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines 2021 (6th edition). Gastric Cancer. 2023;26(1):1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-022-01331-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006156204385","volume":"43","author":"M Kim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim M. Intracranial involvement by metastatic advanced gastric carcinoma. J Neurooncol. 1999;43(1):59\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1699_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3182773f21","volume":"8","author":"SJ Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee SJ, Lee JI, Nam DH, Ahn YC, Han JH, Sun JM, et al. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients: impact on survival and correlated prognostic factors. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(2):185\u201391.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1699_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.18","volume":"67","author":"MD Groves","year":"2010","unstructured":"Groves MD. New strategies in the management of leptomeningeal metastases. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(3):305\u201312.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1699_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15061884","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061884","volume":"15","author":"ML Khaled","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaled ML, Tarhini AA, Forsyth PA, Smalley I, Pina Y. Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) in patients with melanoma metastases. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(6):15061884.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-011-0064-y","volume":"14","author":"S Emoto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Emoto S, Ishigami H, Yamaguchi H, Yamashita H, Kaisaki S, Kitayama J. Frequent development of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2011;14(4):390\u20135.","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"1699_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689139","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.689139","volume":"8","author":"H Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Hu H, Chen B, Xu W, Zhao J, Huang C, et al. Overview on the role of E-Cadherin in gastric cancer: dysregulation and clinical implications. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:689139.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"1699_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01214","volume":"10","author":"WH Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang WH, Zhang SY, Hou QQ, Qin Y, Chen XZ, Zhou ZG, et al. The significance of the CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1214.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1699_CR24","first-page":"2141","volume":"7","author":"L Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang L, Wu RL, Xu AM. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Am J Transl Res. 2015;7(11):2141\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1699_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11942","volume":"34","author":"H Fujikawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujikawa H, Koumori K, Watanabe H, Kano K, Shimoda Y, Aoyama T, et al. The clinical significance of lymphovascular invasion in gastric cancer. Vivo. 2020;34(3):1533\u20139.","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"issue":"3","key":"1699_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2012.12.3.149","volume":"12","author":"SS Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park SS, Min JS, Lee KJ, Jin SH, Park S, Bang HY, et al. Risk stratification for serosal invasion using preoperative predictors in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer. 2012;12(3):149\u201355.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"1699_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2005.37.2.87","volume":"37","author":"JH Yook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yook JH, Oh ST, Kim BS. Clinicopathological analysis of Borrmann type IV gastric cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(2):87\u201391.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-013-0252-z","volume":"17","author":"N Boku","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boku N. HER2-positive gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2014;17(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"9742","key":"1699_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61121-X","volume":"376","author":"YJ Bang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung HC, Shen L, Sawaki A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9742):687\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1699_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn169","volume":"19","author":"C Gravalos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gravalos C, Jimeno A. HER2 in gastric cancer: a new prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(9):1523\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1699_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-2042-y","volume":"15","author":"G Mittica","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mittica G, Senetta R, Richiardi L, Ruda R, Coda R, Castellano I, et al. Meningeal carcinomatosis underdiagnosis and overestimation: incidence in a large consecutive and unselected population of breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:1021.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1699_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S182154","volume":"11","author":"RA El Shafie","year":"2019","unstructured":"El Shafie RA, Bohm K, Weber D, Lang K, Schlaich F, Adeberg S, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors following palliative craniospinal irradiation for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:789\u2013801.","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04576-8","volume":"167","author":"T Baccili Cury Megid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baccili Cury Megid T, Baskurt Z, Ma LX, Barron CC, Farooq A, Saltiel MP, et al. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and brain metastases in gastroesophageal carcinoma: a real-world analysis of clinical and pathologic characteristics and outcomes. J Neurooncol. 2024;167(1):111\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1699_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2018.6.e12","volume":"6","author":"H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee EM. A retrospective analysis of the clinical outcomes of leptomeningeal metastasis in patients with solid tumors. Brain Tumor Res Treat. 2018;6(2):54\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"1699_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03190-3","volume":"143","author":"Y Ko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ko Y, Gwak HS, Park EY, Joo J, Lee YJ, Lee SH, et al. Association of MRI findings with clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from non-small cell lung cancer. J Neurooncol. 2019;143(3):553\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1699_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14362","volume":"13","author":"X Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao X, Pan R, Chen M, Zhao J, Zhong W, Wang H, et al. Leptomeningeal enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Thorac Cancer. 2022;13(7):1059\u201366.","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12299","volume":"26","author":"CJ Valvona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valvona CJ, Fillmore HL, Nunn PB, Pilkington GJ. The regulation and function of lactate dehydrogenase A: therapeutic potential in brain tumor. Brain Pathol. 2016;26(1):3\u201317.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2015.58.1.1","volume":"58","author":"HS Gwak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gwak HS, Lee SH, Park WS, Shin SH, Yoo H, Lee SH. Recent advancements of treatment for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2015;58(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"1699_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472945","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1472945","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Yao C, Quan L, Zhou J. A review on intrathecal administration of medications for leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1472945.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1699_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.101624","volume":"8","author":"E Le Rhun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le Rhun E, Weller M, van den Bent M, Brandsma D, Furtner J, Ruda R, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumours: EANO-ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. ESMO Open. 2023;8(5):101624.","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"1699_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645370","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.645370","volume":"11","author":"Z Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen Z, Xiong D, Zhang S, Liu J, Li B, Li R, et al. Case report: RAB10-ALK: A novel ALK fusion in a patient with gastric cancer. Front Oncol. 2021;11:645370.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200015","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.22.00015","volume":"6","author":"M Ambrosini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ambrosini M, Del Re M, Manca P, Hendifar A, Drilon A, Harada G, et al. ALK inhibitors in patients with ALK Fusion-Positive GI cancers: an international data set and a molecular case series. JCO Precis Oncol. 2022;6(1):e2200015.","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1699_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834014567117","volume":"7","author":"OB Alese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alese OB, El-Rayes BF, Sica G, Zhang G, Alexis D, La Rosa FG, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene alteration in signet ring cell carcinoma of the Gastrointestinal tract. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2015;7(2):56\u201362.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1699_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-014-2578-6","volume":"74","author":"T Kodama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kodama T, Hasegawa M, Takanashi K, Sakurai Y, Kondoh O, Sakamoto H. Antitumor activity of the selective ALK inhibitor alectinib in models of intracranial metastases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;74(5):1023\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"34","key":"1699_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.4639","volume":"34","author":"SM Gadgeel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gadgeel SM, Shaw AT, Govindan R, Gandhi L, Socinski MA, Camidge DR, et al. Pooled analysis of CNS response to alectinib in two studies of pretreated patients with ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(34):4079\u201385.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2022.100527","volume":"7","author":"K Hotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hotta K, Hida T, Nokihara H, Morise M, Kim YH, Azuma K, et al. Final overall survival analysis from the phase III J-ALEX study of alectinib versus Crizotinib in ALK inhibitor-naive Japanese patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. ESMO Open. 2022;7(4):100527.","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02207-x","volume":"20","author":"Z Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou Z, Xing P, Hao X, Wang Y, Song X, Shan L, et al. Intracranial efficacy of alectinib in ALK-positive NSCLC patients with CNS metastases-a multicenter retrospective study. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):12.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1699_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01224","volume":"9","author":"SM Buszek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buszek SM, Chung C. Radiotherapy in leptomeningeal disease: A systematic review of randomized and Non-randomized trials. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1224.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1376-z","volume":"14","author":"W Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan W, Liu Y, Li J, Han A, Kong L, Yu J, et al. Whole brain radiation therapy does not improve the overall survival of EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14(1):168.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.JNS101768","volume":"115","author":"N Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin N, Dunn IF, Glantz M, Allison DL, Jensen R, Johnson MD, et al. Benefit of ventriculoperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid shunting and intrathecal chemotherapy in neoplastic meningitis: a retrospective, case-controlled study. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(4):730\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1699_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-019-1595-7","volume":"17","author":"HS Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim HS, Park JB, Gwak HS, Kwon JW, Shin SH, Yoo H. Clinical outcome of cerebrospinal fluid shunts in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. World J Surg Oncol. 2019;17(1):59.","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1699_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-011-0301-8","volume":"17","author":"H Tomita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomita H, Yasui H, Boku N, Nakasu Y, Mitsuya K, Onozawa Y, et al. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis associated with gastric cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2012;17(4):361\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Gastric Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10120-025-01699-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10120-025-01699-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10120-025-01699-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:03:09Z","timestamp":1769155389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10120-025-01699-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10120-025-01699-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3291","1436-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3291","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (approval number: 2025-08-013-001). Because of the retrospective nature of the study, written patient consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center. All methods were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}