{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:50:37Z","timestamp":1790009437736,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>hominissuis<\/jats:italic> (MAH) is a common environmental bacterium that causes infection in immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV\/AIDS, or patients with chronic lung disease such as cystic fibrosis. There are many strains of MAH with varying levels of virulence. Infection with MAH strains 100 and 104 has been associated with different immune responses in mice and outcome of the disease. While MAH 100 infection tends to be cleared from mice, MAH 104 is virulent and grows in host tissue. What is currently unknown are the mechanisms related to this difference in host defense and virulence. Our hypothesis is that differences in circulating innate lymphocytes response are associated with increased protection from infection. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are lymphoid cells with an important role in regulation of innate immune systems. ILCs can be categorized into three subpopulations ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3 based on their cytokine production and regulatory transcription factors. Investigation was carried out on how macrophage anti-MAH response change depending on activation by primary mouse lymphocytes activated with IL-12, IL-33, and IL-23, triggering differentiation into ILC-like subpopulations. Our results do not affirm the role of any one ILC subpopulation in macrophage anti-<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic> ability. Our findings instead support the conclusion that MAH infection of macrophages suppresses the stimulatory function of ILCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-023-00326-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T08:58:40Z","timestamp":1674205120000},"page":"619-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Induction of killing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis in macrophages by cytokine stimulated innate-like lymphoid cells is negatively affected by the pathogen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jay","family":"Bickel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz E","family":"Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"326_CR1","first-page":"352","volume":"80","author":"R Appelberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Appelberg R, Orme LM (1993) Effector mechanisms involved in cytokine-mediated bacteriostasis of Mycobacterium avium infections in murine macrophages. 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