{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:43:20Z","timestamp":1789494200989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-025-00771-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:14:18Z","timestamp":1767593658000},"page":"169-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among the municipal waste collectors in Aden, Yemen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ali N.M.","family":"Gubran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Waleed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan A. A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha Ali","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayat Gamal","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bona Mohammad","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawras Hamza","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadrah Aidroos","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fares M.S","family":"Muthanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.24191\/jchs.v4i1.7282","volume":"4","author":"SA Abdulrahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdulrahman SA, Maideen SF, Rahim FF, Rashid A (2019) Seroprevalence, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention of hepatitis C among municipal waste collectors in Penang Island, Malaysia. Clin Health 4(1):47\u201357","journal-title":"Clin Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"771_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2015.53017","volume":"5","author":"MA Al-Hegami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Hegami MA, Al-Mamari A, Al-Kadasse AS, Al-Gasha\u2019a FA, Al-Hag S, Al-Hegami AA (2015) Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among patients with chronic renal failure in Zabeed city, Yemen Republic. Open J Med Microbiol 5(3):136\u2013142","journal-title":"Open J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"771_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.22270\/ujpr.v4i5.311","volume":"4","author":"OAA Amran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amran OAA, Al-Shamahy HA, Al Hadad AM, Jaadan BM (2019) Explosion of hepatitis B and C viruses among hemodialysis patients as a result of hemodialysis crisis in Yemen. Univ J Pharm Res 4(5):12\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22270\/ujpr.v4i5.311","journal-title":"Univ J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"771_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30887","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.30887","volume":"16","author":"A Ansari-Moghaddam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ansari-Moghaddam A, Ansari H, Khosravi S, Sanei-Moghaddam E, Mohammadi M, Alavian SM, Poustchi H (2016) The prevalence of hepatitis B virus among municipal solid waste workers: necessity for immunization of at-risk groups. Hepat Mon 16(3):e30887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/hepatmon.30887","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"key":"771_CR5","volume-title":"Levinson\u2019s review of medical microbiology and immunology: A guide to clinical infectious diseases","author":"P Chin-Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chin-Hong P, Levinson W, Joyce EA, Karandikar M, Matloubianm M, Rubio LA, Schwartz B (2024) Levinson\u2019s review of medical microbiology and immunology: A guide to clinical infectious diseases. McGraw Hill"},{"key":"771_CR6","volume-title":"BIOSTATISTICS A Foundation for Analysis in the health sciences","author":"WW Daniel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daniel WW (2009) BIOSTATISTICS A Foundation for Analysis in the health sciences, 9TH edn. Wiley","edition":"9TH edn"},{"key":"771_CR7","volume-title":"Cobas\u00ae e 411 analyzer \u2013 operator\u2019s manual","author":"R Diagnostics","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diagnostics R (2021) Cobas\u00ae e 411 analyzer \u2013 operator\u2019s manual. Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany"},{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqi007","volume":"55","author":"G Dounias","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dounias G, Kypraiou E, Rachiotis G, Tsovili E, Kostopoulos S (2005) Prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in municipal solid waste workers in Keratsini (Greece). Occup Med 55(1):60\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqi007","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"771_CR9","unstructured":"Edrees WH, Al-Mashdali AHT, Al-Munkari EM, Sbeit Bamousa ZA, Alawi AS, Bakil GS, Naseer SYA (2022) Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV infection: prevalence, knowledge, practice, and attitude among medical waste handlers working in some hospitals at Sana\u2019a City, Yemen (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Queen Arwa University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sana\u2019a, Yemen"},{"issue":"133","key":"771_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6879.1000133","volume":"1","author":"AH El-Gilany","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Gilany AH, Abou-ElWafa HS, El-Bestar SF, El-Sayed ZM (2013) Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among municipal solid waste collectors in Mansoura, Egypt. Occup Med Health Aff 1(133):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2329-6879.1000133","journal-title":"Occup Med Health Aff"},{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR11","first-page":"64","volume":"3","author":"ES El-Morsy","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Morsy ES, Alghalibi S, Elbialy AA, Baddah K, Khalifa M (2022) Occult hepatitis B virus infection among patients undergoing chronic dialysis in Hodeidah City, Yemen. Alfarama J Basic Appl Sci 3(1):64\u201373","journal-title":"Alfarama J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"771_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8955.1000144","volume":"4","author":"EWA El-Wahab","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Wahab EWA, Eassa SM, Lotfi SE, Kotkat AM, Shatat HZ (2015) Seroprevalence, immunostatus and factors associated with blood borne viral infections among Egyptian municipal solid waste workers. J Virol Antivir 4:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2324-8955.1000144","journal-title":"J Virol Antivir"},{"key":"771_CR13","first-page":"50","volume":"5","author":"ANM Gubran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gubran ANM, Al-Moyed KA, Al-Haddad AM, Ageel AA (2023) Intra-household transmission of hepatitis B virus in Rasd, Abyan-Yemen. LJMAS 5:50\u201358","journal-title":"LJMAS"},{"key":"771_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gubran AN, Qassim DH, Abdullah AK, Al Kaf FA, Abdullah AF, Moqlam AA et al (2024a) Intra-familial transmission of hepatitis B virus in Aden-Yemen. Electron J Univ Aden Basic Appl Sci 5(2):210\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47372\/ejua-ba.2024.2.354","DOI":"10.47372\/ejua-ba.2024.2.354"},{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20428\/yjms.v18i1.2466","volume":"18","author":"ANM Gubran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gubran ANM, AL-Ariqi AA, Hashem AR, Garadah EM, AL-Yafaee FN, Ba-Wazer SS et al (2024b) Hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis patients in Aden-Yemen. Yemeni J Med Sci 18(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20428\/yjms.v18i1.2466","journal-title":"Yemeni J Med Sci"},{"key":"771_CR16","first-page":"9","volume":"18","author":"SMJ Hosseini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosseini SMJ, Ranjbar R, Sarshar M, Ebrahimi E (2013) Prevalence of HB-sAg positive among afghan sweepers in Tehran 2009. Iran J Infect Dis 18:9\u201353","journal-title":"Iran J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR17","first-page":"35","volume":"8","author":"P Luksamijarulkul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luksamijarulkul P, Sujirarat D, Charupoonphol P (2008) Risk behaviors, occupational risk and seroprevalence of hepatitis B and A infections among public cleansing workers of Bangkok Metropolis. Hepat Mon 8(1):35\u201340","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"issue":"7","key":"771_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v12n7p20","volume":"12","author":"SF Maideen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maideen SF, Rahim FF, Rashid A, Abdulrahman S (2020) Seroprevalence of hepatitis B among municipal waste collectors in Penang Island, Malaysia and their knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of hepatitis B. Glob J Health Sci 12(7):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v12n7p20","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"771_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.152792","volume":"19","author":"A Majumdar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Majumdar A, Sahoo J, Roy G, Kamalanathan S (2015) Improper sharp disposal practices among diabetes patients in home care settings: need for concern? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 19(3):420\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.152792","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0177-2013","volume":"47","author":"TA Marinho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marinho TA, Lopes CL, Teles SA, Matos MA, Matos MA, Kozlowski AG, Oliveira MP, Silva \u00c1M, Martins RM (2014) Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among recyclable waste collectors in Central Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 47(1):18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0177-2013","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"9","key":"771_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X16649686","volume":"34","author":"MP Mol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mol MP, Gon\u00e7alves JP, Silva EA, Scarponi CF, Greco DB, Cairncross S, Heller L (2016) Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among domestic and healthcare waste handlers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Waste Manag Res 34(9):875\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734242X16649686","journal-title":"Waste Manag Res"},{"key":"771_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mussa S, Kasew D, Wondimeneh Y (2022) Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and associated factors among medical waste handlers, Northeast Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Biomed Sci 12(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20372\/ejhbs.v12i2.375","DOI":"10.20372\/ejhbs.v12i2.375"},{"issue":"7","key":"771_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22057","volume":"55","author":"G Rachiotis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rachiotis G, Papagiannis D, Markas D, Thanasias E, Dounias G, Hadjichristodoulou C (2012) Hepatitis B virus infection and waste collection: prevalence, risk factors, and infection pathway. Am J Ind Med 55(7):650\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.22057","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"771_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22541\/au.172454765.51447618\/v1","volume-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B infection among municipal waste collectors in Puducherry, South India","author":"R Rajasekar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajasekar R, Chinnakali P, Kumar S, Mohan P, Dhodapkar R, Roy G (2024) Seroprevalence of hepatitis B infection among municipal waste collectors in Puducherry, South India. Authorea Preprints"},{"issue":"6","key":"771_CR25","first-page":"798","volume":"63","author":"MU Rauf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rauf MU, Saleem MD, Anwer MO, Ahmed G, Aziz S, Memon MA (2013) HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in garbage scavengers of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 63(6):798\u2013802 PMID: 23901694","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"771_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02302","volume":"9","author":"A Ruggieri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruggieri A, Gagliardi MC, Anticoli S (2018) Sex-dependent outcome of hepatitis B and C viruses infections: synergy of sex hormones and immune responses? Front Immunol 9:2302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02302","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"771_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_238_22","volume":"27","author":"J Sarvari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarvari J, Joharinia N, Shiri A, Vali A, Beigzadeh F, Davarpanah MA, Atapour A, Khoshbakht R, Jaberi O, Hosseini SY (2023) The sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in municipal waste collectors in southwest of Iran. Indian J Occup Environ Med 27(2):172\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_238_22","journal-title":"Indian J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"771_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2021055003115","volume":"55","author":"G Souza-Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Souza-Silva G, Mol MPG (2021) Hepatitis B prevalence in Brazilian waste pickers: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Rev Saude Publica 55:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/s1518-8787.2021055003115","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"3","key":"771_CR29","first-page":"110","volume":"47","author":"R Squeri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Squeri R, La Fauci V, Sindoni L, Cannav\u00f2 G, Ventura Spagnolo E (2006) Study on hepatitis B and C serologic status among municipal solid waste workers in Messina (Italy). J Prev Med Hyg 47(3):110\u2013113","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"771_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy620","volume":"219","author":"TT Than","year":"2019","unstructured":"Than TT, Jo E, Todt D, Nguyen PH, Steinmann J, Steinmann E, Windisch MP (2019) High environmental stability of hepatitis B virus and inactivation requirements for chemical biocides. J Infect Dis 219(7):1044\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiy620","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"771_CR31","first-page":"271","volume":"22","author":"E Tsovili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsovili E, Rachiotis G, Symvoulakis EK, Thanasias E, Giannisopoulou O, Papagiannis D, Eleftheriou A, Hadjichristodoulou C (2014) Municipal waste collectors and hepatitis B and C virus infection: a cross-sectional study. Infez Med 22(4):271\u2013276","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"771_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-018-0968-3","volume":"35","author":"M Wadood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wadood M, Usman M (2019) Comparative analysis of electrochemiluminescence assay and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay for the screening of hepatitis C. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 35(1):131\u2013136","journal-title":"Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"1S","key":"771_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","volume":"158","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Cheng Z (2020) Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest 158(1S):S65\u2013S71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"771_CR34","volume-title":"ELISA, and related techniques","author":"D Wild","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wild D (2013) The immunoassay handbook: theory and applications of ligand binding. In: ELISA, and related techniques, 5th edn. Elsevier","edition":"5"},{"key":"771_CR35","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024),\"Publishes new guidelines on hepatitis B\". Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/29-03-2024-who-publishes-updated-guidelines-on-hepatitis-b"},{"issue":"37","key":"771_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13293","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i37.13293","volume":"20","author":"CR You","year":"2014","unstructured":"You CR, Lee SW, Jang JW, Yoon SK (2014) Update on hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 20(37):13293\u201313305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i37.13293","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"19","key":"771_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-8.19.180914","volume":"8","author":"RO Yusuf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yusuf RO, Sawyerr HO, Adeolu AT, Habeeb LM, Abolayo TT (2018) Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and compliance to standard safety precautions among scavengers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara state, Nigeria. J Health Pollut 8(19):180914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5696\/2156-9614-8.19.180914","journal-title":"J Health Pollut"}],"container-title":["International Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10123-025-00771-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10123-025-00771-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10123-025-00771-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1779869078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10123-025-00771-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10123-025-00771-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7715119\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1618-1905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-1905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval: The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Medicine and Health Science at the University of Science and Technology; MEC No. (MEC\/AD043). Ethical approval was obtained in accordance with the standards outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. Written consent forms were obtained from all participants (both men and women) before any research procedure was performed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent form"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}