{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:10:05Z","timestamp":1773274205974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","award":["No. 202201010917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 202201010917"]}]},{"name":"the Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["No. A2022106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. A2022106"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["No. 2022A1515111148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022A1515111148"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Health Industry Clinical Research Project","award":["20244Y0232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20244Y0232"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 82302578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82302578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-026-00783-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:47:33Z","timestamp":1771030053000},"page":"291-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial potential of danthron, embelin, sanguinarine and shikonin against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yuqiu","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenlong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingxian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiankun","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shangzhu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"783_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02608-13","volume":"58","author":"VG Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen VG, Seah C, Martin I, Melano RG (2014) Azithromycin resistance is coevolving with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins in neisseria gonorrhoeae in Ontario, Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58(5):2528\u20132534","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"15","key":"783_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666181008115650","volume":"27","author":"FJ \u00c1lvarez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Mart\u00ednez FJ, Barraj\u00f3n-Catal\u00e1n E, Encinar JA, Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz JC, Micol V (2020) Antimicrobial capacity of plant polyphenols against Gram-positive bacteria: A comprehensive review. Curr Med Chem 27(15):2576\u20132606","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"783_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153626","volume":"90","author":"FJ \u00c1lvarez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Mart\u00ednez FJ, Barraj\u00f3n-Catal\u00e1n E, Herranz-L\u00f3pez M, Micol V (2021) Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: an updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action. Phytomedicine: Int J Phytotherapy Phytopharmacology 90:153626","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int J Phytotherapy Phytopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"783_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1387-7","volume":"75","author":"C Anisha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anisha C, Sachidanandan P, Radhakrishnan EK (2018) Endophytic Paraconiothyrium sp. from Zingiber officinale Rosc. Displays Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial activity by production of Danthron. Curr Microbiol 75(3):343\u2013352","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"783_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462412472837","volume":"24","author":"C Bignell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bignell C, Unemo M (2013) 2012 European guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults. Int J STD AIDS 24(2):85\u201392","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"783_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1039\/c1np00033k","volume":"28","author":"GT Carter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carter GT (2011) Natural products and pharma 2011: strategic changes spur new opportunities. Nat Prod Rep 28(11):1783\u20131789","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"783_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.02.008","volume":"1830","author":"GM Cragg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2013) Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830(6):3670\u20133695","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"783_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo2020303","volume":"2","author":"DA Dias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dias DA, Urban S, Roessner U (2012) A historical overview of natural products in drug discovery. Metabolites 2(2):303\u2013336","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"25","key":"783_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1512757","volume":"374","author":"H Fifer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fifer H, Natarajan U, Jones L, Alexander S, Hughes G, Golparian D, Unemo M (2016) Failure of dual antimicrobial therapy in treatment of gonorrhea. N Engl J Med 374(25):2504\u20132506","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"783_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobsson S, Paukner S, Golparian D, Jensen JS, Unemo M (2017) In vitro activity of the novel pleuromutilin lefamulin (BC-3781) and effect of efflux pump inactivation on multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(11)","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01497-17"},{"key":"783_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski JC. (2021) Chlamydia and gonorrhea. Ann Intern Med 174(10):ITC145-ITC160","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202110190"},{"issue":"6","key":"783_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix485","volume":"65","author":"AR Katz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katz AR, Komeya AY, Kirkcaldy RD, Whelen AC, Soge OO, Papp JR, Kersh EN, Wasserman GM, O\u2019Connor NP, O\u2019Brien PS et al (2017) Cluster of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with High-level Azithromycin resistance and decreased ceftriaxone Susceptibility, Hawaii, 2016. Clin Infect Diseases: Official Publication Infect Dis Soc Am 65(6):918\u2013923","journal-title":"Clin Infect Diseases: Official Publication Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"783_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirandeep K, Atamjit S, Aditi M, Pallvi M, Nitin K, Neena B (2023) Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of shikonin with tea tree oil nanoemulsion against candida albicans and staphylococcus aureus. Biofouling 39 (9-10):962\u2013979","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2023.2281511"},{"issue":"17","key":"783_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10347","volume":"314","author":"RD Kirkcaldy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirkcaldy RD, Hook EW 3rd, Soge OO, del Rio C, Kubin G, Zenilman JM, Papp JR (2015) Trends in neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to cephalosporins in the united States, 2006\u20132014. JAMA 314(17):1869\u20131871","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"783_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landhuis EW (2024) Multidrug-resistant super gonorrhea rallies multipronged effort. JAMA 331(20):1695\u20131697","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.15355"},{"issue":"1","key":"783_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2011618","volume":"11","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin X, Chen W, Xie Q, Yu Y, Liao Y, Feng Z, Qin X, Wu X, Tang S, Zheng H (2022a) Dissemination and genome analysis of high-level ceftriaxone-resistant PenA 60.001 neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from the Guangdong gonococcal antibiotics susceptibility programme (GD-GASP), 2016\u20132019. Emerg Microbes Infections 11(1):344\u2013350","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infections"},{"issue":"4","key":"783_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229421","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02294-21","volume":"66","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin X, Qin X, Wu X, Liao Y, Yu Y, Xie Q, Tang S, Guo C, Pei J, Wu Z et al (2022b) Markedly increasing antibiotic resistance and dual treatment of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Guangdong, China, from 2013 to 2020. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 66(4):e0229421","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"783_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157022","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01570-22","volume":"10","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin X, Chen W, Yu Y, Lan Y, Xie Q, Liao Y, Wu X, Tang S, Qin X, Zheng H (2022c) Emergence and genomic characterization of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high levels of ceftriaxone and Azithromycin resistance in Guangdong, China, from 2016 to 2019. Microbiol Spectr 10(6):e0157022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"8","key":"783_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv106","volume":"70","author":"Y Lynagh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lynagh Y, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Walsh A, Rogers TR, Unemo M, Crowley B (2015) Detailed characterization of the first high-level azithromycin-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae cases in Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother 70(8):2411\u20132413","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"783_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahendran S (2018) Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial ointment containing embelin isolated from embelia Ribes. Int J Green Pharm 12(03):0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22377\/ijgp.v12i03.2020","DOI":"10.22377\/ijgp.v12i03.2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"783_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.07.057","volume":"46","author":"BB Mishra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mishra BB, Tiwari VK (2011) Natural products: an evolving role in future drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 46(10):4769\u20134807","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"783_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/np200906s","volume":"75","author":"DJ Newman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2012) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J Nat Prod 75(3):311\u2013335","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"783_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qianqian L, Hee-Sung C, Ok\u2010Hwa K, Dong\u2010Yeul K (2022) Synergistic antibacterial activity with conventional antibiotics and mechanism of action of shikonin against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 23 (14):7551\u20137551","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147551"},{"key":"783_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razan H, J\u00fcrgen R, Michael W (2014) Synergistic antibacterial activity of the combination of the alkaloid sanguinarine with EDTA and the antibiotic streptomycin against multidrug resistant bacteria. J Pharm Pharmacol 67(2):264\u201373","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12326"},{"key":"783_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razan H, J\u00fcrgen R, Michael W (2015) Synergistic antimicrobial activity of combinations of sanguinarine and EDTA with vancomycin against multidrug resistant bacteria. Drug Metab Lett 8(2):119\u2013128","DOI":"10.2174\/187231280802150212100742"},{"key":"783_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosalyn P, Pedro Alvarez M, Gabriela Egly F, Alejandro T, F\u00e9lix M, Ana EB (2016) Domino synthesis of embelin derivatives with antibacterial activity. J Nat Prod 79(4):970\u2013977","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01038"},{"key":"783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sancta St C, Lindley AB, Kimberly AW, Laura HB, Cau DP, Karen S, Elizabeth T, Hillard W, Ellen NK, Phoebe T (2020) Update to CDC\u2019s treatment guidelines for gonococcal infection, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69(50):1911\u20131916","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6950a6"},{"key":"783_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scangarella-Oman NE, Hossain M, Dixon PB, Ingraham K, Min S, Tiffany CA, Perry CR, Raychaudhuri A, Dumont EF, Huang J et al (2018) Microbiological analysis from a phase 2 randomized study in adults evaluating single oral doses of gepotidacin in the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62(12):e01221\u201318","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01221-18"},{"issue":"50","key":"783_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6950a6","volume":"69","author":"S St Cyr","year":"2020","unstructured":"St Cyr S, Barbee L, Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Pham C, Schlanger K, Torrone E, Weinstock H, Kersh EN, Thorpe P (2020) Update to cdc\u2019s treatment guidelines for gonococcal Infection, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69(50):1911\u20131916","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"783_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku490","volume":"70","author":"K Stevens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevens K, Zaia A, Tawil S, Bates J, Hicks V, Whiley D, Limnios A, Lahra MM, Howden BP (2015) Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level resistance to Azithromycin in Australia. J Antimicrob Chemother 70(4):1267\u20131268","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"783_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susan B, Demetre D (2018) Neisseria gonorrhoeae \u2014 rising infection rates, dwindling treatment options. N Engl J Med 379(19):1795\u20131797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1812269"},{"key":"783_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susan T, Matthew MH, Khalil GG (2022) Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. JAMA 327(2):161\u2013172","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23487"},{"issue":"19","key":"783_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706988","volume":"379","author":"SN Taylor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taylor SN, Marrazzo J, Batteiger BE, Hook EW 3rd, Se\u00f1a AC, Long J, Wierzbicki MR, Kwak H, Johnson SM, Lawrence K et al (2018) Single-Dose Zoliflodacin (ETX0914) for treatment of urogenital gonorrhea. N Engl J Med 379(19):1835\u20131845","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"783_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet (2014) Accelerating drug discovery. Lancet 15;383(9917):575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60202-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"783_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0128-6","volume":"5","author":"M Unemo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Unemo M, Seifert HS, Hook EW, Hawkes S, Ndowa F, Dillon J-AR (2019) Gonorrhoea. Nat Reviews Disease Primers 5(1):79","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"10","key":"783_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.964705","volume":"29","author":"Y Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei Y, Liu Q, Yu J, Feng Q, Zhao L, Song H, Wang W (2015) Antibacterial mode of action of 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone from Porphyra haitanensis against Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Prod Res 29(10):976\u2013979","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"783_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.004","volume":"92","author":"X Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu X, Qin X, Huang J, Wang F, Li M, Wu Z, Liu X, Pei J, Wu S, Chen H et al (2018) Determining the in vitro susceptibility of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 8 cities in Guangdong Province through an improved microdilution method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 92(4):325\u2013331","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"783_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaoru Z, Yonglin Z, Laiying W, Meng L, Dan S, Dan L, Jianfeng W (2017) Shikonin alleviates the biotoxicity produced by pneumococcal pneumolysin. Life Sci 177 (0):1\u20137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.04.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"783_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000556","volume":"44","author":"M Yasuda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yasuda M, Hatazaki K, Ito S, Kitanohara M, Yoh M, Kojima M, Narita H, Kido A, Miyata K, Deguch T (2017) Antimicrobial susceptibility of neisseria gonorrhoeae in Japan from 2000 to 2015. Sex Transm Dis 44(3):149\u2013153","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"783_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeqing G, Jie D, Jing L, Qianmin L, Dong X-l, Guowen T, Jiaxiang Z, Xiaolong D, Qiqi P, Lin H et al (2023) Antibacterial activity and mechanism of sanguinarine against Staphylococcus aureus by interfering with the permeability of the cell wall and membrane and inducing bacterial ROS production. Front Veterinary Sci Mar 30 10:1121082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1121082","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1121082"}],"container-title":["International Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10123-026-00783-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10123-026-00783-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10123-026-00783-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:42:30Z","timestamp":1773222150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10123-026-00783-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10123-026-00783-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-1905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-1905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"A total of 55 multidrug-resistant\n                      N. gonorrhoeae\n                      isolates were collected in Guangdong, China, from 2017 to 2021. The clinic strains were part of the routine hospital laboratory procedure.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors read and revise the article. Agree to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}