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Physicochemical characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscop y (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cytotoxic activity of Ros-ES-NPs on human lung fibroblast cell line (Wi-38) was examined in comparison with Ros- ES using MTT assay. Ros-ES exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of approximately 6.06\u00a0mg\/ml on Wi-38. In contrast, the Ros-ES-NPs not only showed no toxicity but actually appeared to increase cell viability (up to \u2248\u2009136%) possibly due to high metabolic actvity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The antimicrobial activity of Ros-ES and Ros-ES-NPs was evaluated against three isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, comprising two Gram-negative isolates (\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and one Gram-positive isolate (\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), alongside C\n                    <jats:italic>andida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the fungal pathogen. Ros-ES-NPs showed a significant antimicrobial efficacy against all isolates under study where, at 25\u00a0mg\/ml, Ros-ES inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    by 55.16\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09% and 76.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.16%, respectively, whereas Ros-ES-NPs showed inhibition rates of 95.66\u2009\u00b1\u20099.74% and 87.13\u2009\u00b1\u20092.63%, respectively. Against\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , at 25\u00a0mg\/ml, Ros-ES inhibited by 68.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.60%, while Ros-ES-NPs exhibited a higher inhibition rate of 80.73\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6%. In case of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Ros-Es showed a higher inhibition (81.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54) than Ros-Es-NPs (60.39\u2009\u00b1\u20095.69). Rosemary essential oil nano-formulation significantly enhances antibacterial efficacy while improving biocompatibility and inducing pronounced microbial DNA damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-026-00815-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:59:55Z","timestamp":1778637595000},"page":"1149-1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial activity and induce bacterial DNA disruption"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Habiba A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"El-Adawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Abdel-Fattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer E.","family":"Abd El-Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"815_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.21608\/ejchem.2024.322144.10458","volume":"67","author":"H Abdelaziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelaziz H, Salama Z, Nassrallah A (2024) S-limonene loaded gum Arabic nanoparticles ameliorates wound healing and inhibits herpes simplex virus. 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