{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:14:15Z","timestamp":1791825255946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018YFD0900203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018YFD0901200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0901200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M693345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M693345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mar Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-022-10106-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T08:02:46Z","timestamp":1647590566000},"page":"320-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Complete Depletion of Primordial Germ Cells Results in Masculinization of Monopterus albus, a Protogynous Hermaphroditic Fish"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mingxi","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuoyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000223079","volume":"3","author":"JC Avise","year":"2009","unstructured":"Avise JC, Mank JE (2009) Evolutionary perspectives on hermaphroditism in fishes. Sex Dev 3:152\u2013163","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"10106_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0606-x","volume":"47","author":"AR Baloch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baloch AR, Franek R, Saito T, Psenicka M (2019) Dead-end (dnd) protein in fish-a review. Fish Physiol Biochem 47:777\u2013784","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10106_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3953-6","volume":"18","author":"J Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai J, Yang W, Chen D, Zhang Y, He Z, Zhang W, Zhang L (2017) Transcriptomic analysis of the differentiating ovary of the protogynous rice field eel Monopterus albus. BMC Genomics 18:573","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10106_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02868.x","volume":"151","author":"STH Chan","year":"1967","unstructured":"Chan STH, Phillips JG (1967) The structure of the gonad during natural sex reversal in Monopterus albus (Pisces: Teleostei). Proc Zool Soc London 151:129\u2013141","journal-title":"Proc Zool Soc London"},{"key":"10106_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173974","volume":"12","author":"W Chi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chi W, Gao Y, Hu Q, Guo W, Li D (2017) Genome-wide analysis of brain and gonad transcripts reveals changes of key sex reversal-related genes expression and signaling pathways in three stages of Monopterus albus. PLoS One 12:e0173974","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10106_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2002.01182.x","volume":"16","author":"TM Collins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Collins TM, Trexler JC, Nico LG, Rawlings TA (2002) Genetic diversity in a morphologically conservative invasive taxon: multiple introductions of swamp eels to the Southeastern United States. Conserv Biol 16:1024\u20131035","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(02)00057-1","volume":"208","author":"RH Devlin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Devlin RH, Nagahama Y (2002) Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences. Aquaculture 208:191\u2013364","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10106_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006323","volume":"12","author":"DB Dranow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dranow DB, Hu K, Bird AM, Lawry ST, Adams MT, Sanchez A, Amatruda JF, Draper BW (2016) Bmp15 is an oocyte-produced signal required for maintenance of the adult female sexual phenotype in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 12:e1006323","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10106_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.01.016","volume":"376","author":"DB Dranow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dranow DB, Tucker RP, Draper BW (2013) Germ cells are required to maintain a stable sexual phenotype in adult zebrafish. Dev Biol 376:43\u201350","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2017.01.018","volume":"62","author":"K Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng K, Luo H, Li Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Sun Y, Zhu Z, Hu W (2017) High efficient gene targeting in rice field eel Monopterus albus by transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Sci Bull 62:162\u2013164","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"10106_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007032107","volume":"107","author":"T Fujimoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fujimoto T, Nishimura T, Goto-Kazeto R, Kawakami Y, Yamaha E, Arai K (2010) Sexual dimorphism of gonadal structure and gene expression in germ cell-deficient loach, a teleost fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:17211\u201317216","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10106_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.02.054","volume":"22","author":"T Gamble","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gamble T, Zarkower D (2012) Sex determination. Curr Biol 22:R257-262","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.07.010","volume":"370","author":"R Goto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goto R, Saito T, Takeda T, Fujimoto T, Takagi M, Arai K, Yamaha E (2012) Germ cells are not the primary factor for sexual fate determination in goldfish. Dev Biol 370:98\u2013109","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.11.019","volume":"43","author":"T Gross-Thebing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gross-Thebing T, Yigit S, Pfeiffer J, Reichman-Fried M, Bandemer J, Ruckert C, Rathmer C, Goudarzi M, Stehling M, Tarbashevich K, Seggewiss J, Raz E (2017) The vertebrate protein dead end maintains primordial germ cell fate by inhibiting somatic differentiation. Dev Cell 43:704\u2013715","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"10106_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12488","volume":"85","author":"Z He","year":"2014","unstructured":"He Z, Li Y, Wu Y, Shi S, Sun C, Deng Q, Xie J, Wang T, Zhang W, Zhang L (2014) Differentiation and morphogenesis of the ovary and expression of gonadal development-related genes in the protogynous hermaphroditic rice field eel Monopterus albus. J Fish Biol 85:1381\u20131394","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.03.030","volume":"320","author":"A Herpin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herpin A, Fischer P, Liedtke D, Kluever N, Neuner C, Raz E, Schartl M (2008) Sequential SDF1a and b-induced mobility guides Medaka PGC migration. Dev Biol 320:319\u2013327","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herpin A, Schartl M (2015) Plasticity of gene-regulatory networks controlling sex determination: of masters, slaves, usual suspects, newcomers, and usurpators. EMBO Rep 16:1260\u20131274","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201540667"},{"key":"10106_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.149.4.875","volume":"149","author":"K Holger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holger K, Francisco P, Kerstin B, Heinz S, Christiane NV (2000) Zebrafish vasa RNA but not its protein is a component of the germ plasm and segregates asymmetrically before germline specification. J Cell Biol 149:875\u2013888","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu Q, Guo W, Gao Y, Tang R, Li D (2014) Molecular cloning and analysis of gonadal expression of Foxl2 in the rice-field eel Monopterus albus. Sci Rep 4","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06884"},{"key":"10106_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu Q, Guo W, Gao Y, Tang R, Li D (2014b) Reference gene selection for real-time RT-PCR normalization in rice field eel (Monopterus albus) during gonad development. Fish Physiol Biochem 40:1721\u20131730","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-014-9962-3"},{"key":"10106_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16667","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16667","volume":"5","author":"Q Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu Q, Guo W, Gao Y, Tang R, Li D (2015) Molecular cloning and characterization of amh and dax1 genes and their expression during sex inversion in rice-field eel Monopterus albus. Sci Rep 5:16667","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10106_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.09.036","volume":"176","author":"Q Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu Q, Xiao Q, Tian H, Li D, Li Z (2021) Crucial role of dead end gene for primordial germ cell survival in rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Theriogenology 176:188\u2013193","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10106_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.041871","volume":"73","author":"X Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang X, Guo Y, Shui Y, Gao S, Yu H, Cheng H, Zhou R (2005) Multiple alternative splicing and differential expression of dmrt1 during gonad transformation of the rice field eel. Biol Reprod 73:1017\u20131024","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10106_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.737960","volume":"551","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Luo H, Hou M, Chen J, Tao B, Zhu Z, Song Y, Hu W (2022) Aromatase inhibitor induces sex reversal in the protogynous hermaphroditic rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Aquaculture 551:737960","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10106_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000342009","volume":"7","author":"Y Kobayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kobayashi Y, Nagahama Y, Nakamura M (2013) Diversity and plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in fishes. Sex Dev 7:115\u2013125","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"10106_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16958","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609932104","volume":"104","author":"H Kurokawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kurokawa H, Saito D, Nakamura S, Katoh-Fukui Y, Ohta K, Baba T, Tanaka M (2007) Germ cells are essential for sexual dimorphism in the medaka gonad. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:16958\u201316963","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10106_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12696","volume":"88","author":"S Lefevre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lefevre S, Findorf I, Bayley M, Huong DTT, Wang T (2016) Increased temperature tolerance of the air-breathing Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus after high-temperature acclimation is not explained by improved cardiorespiratory performance. J Fish Biol 88:418\u2013432","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.163667","volume":"197","author":"M Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li M, Yang H, Zhao J, Fang L, Shi H, Li M, Sun Y, Zhang X, Jiang D, Zhou L, Wang D (2014) Efficient and heritable gene targeting in tilapia by CRISPR\/Cas9. Genetics 197:591\u2013599","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10106_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2016.06.006","volume":"68","author":"HW Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang HW, Guo SS, Li Z, Luo XZ, Zou GW (2016) Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of swamp eel Monopterus albus in China. Biochem Syst Ecol 68:81\u201387","journal-title":"Biochem Syst Ecol"},{"key":"10106_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6934","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7934","volume":"6","author":"C Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu C, Peng J, Matzuk MM, Yao HHC (2015a) Lineage specification of ovarian theca cells requires multicellular interactions via oocyte and granulosa cells. Nat Commun 6:6934","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10106_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W, Li SZ, Li Z, Wang Y, Li XY, Zhong JX, Gui JF (2015b) Complete depletion of primordial germ cells in an all-female fish leads to sex-biased gene expression alteration and sterile all-male occurrence. BMC Genomics 16:971","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2130-z"},{"key":"10106_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo H, Feng K, Chen J, Song Y, Hou M, Jiang Y, Jiang M, Li Y, Tao B, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Hu W (2020) Telophase of the first cleavage is the key stage for optimally inducing mitotic gynogenesis in rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Aquaculture 523:735241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735241"},{"key":"10106_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo D, Feng K, Zhu Z, Hu W (2019) Generating Gene Knockout Oryzias latipes and rice field eel using TALENs method. In: Liu C, Du Y (eds) Microinjection: Methods and Protocols. Springer New York","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8831-0_28"},{"key":"10106_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8649.2003.00074.x","volume":"62","author":"G Maack","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maack G, Segner H (2003) Morphological development of the gonads in zebrafish. J Fish Biol 62:895\u2013906","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1154","volume":"4","author":"E Raz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raz E (2003) Primordial germ-cell development: the zebrafish perspective. Nat Rev Genet 4:690\u2013700","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10106_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Mari A, Canestro C, Bremiller RA, Nguyen-Johnson A, Asakawa K, Kawakami K, Postlethwait JH (2010) Sex reversal in zebrafish fancl mutants is caused by Tp53-mediated germ cell apoptosis. PLoS Genet 6:e1001034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001034"},{"key":"10106_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.060038","volume":"78","author":"T Saito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saito T, Goto-Kazeto R, Arai K, Yamaha E (2008) Xenogenesis in teleost fish through generation of germ-line chimeras by single primordial germ cell transplantation. Biol Reprod 78:159\u2013166","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10106_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.09.025","volume":"324","author":"KR Siegfried","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siegfried KR, Nusslein-Volhard C (2008) Germ line control of female sex determination in zebrafish. Dev Biol 324:277\u2013287","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407475102","volume":"102","author":"K Slanchev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Slanchev K, Stebler J, Cueva-Mendez G, Raz E (2005) Development without germ cells: the role of the germ line in zebrafish sex differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:4074\u20134079","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10106_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.069","volume":"26","author":"I Stevant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stevant I, Kuhne F, Greenfield A, Chaboissier MC, Dermitzakis ET, Nef S (2019) Dissecting cell lineage specification and sex fate determination in gonadal somatic cells using single-cell transcriptomics. Cell Rep 26:3272\u20133283","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10106_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2008.01015.x","volume":"50","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanaka M, Saito D, Morinaga C, Kurokawa H (2008) Cross talk between germ cells and gonadal somatic cells is critical for sex differentiation of the gonads in the teleost fish, medaka (Oryzias latipes). Develop Growth Differ 50:273\u2013278","journal-title":"Develop Growth Differ"},{"key":"10106_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao B, Liao X, Chen L, Li Y, Chen K, Jia S, Wu X, Ma W, Wu Y, Zhong W, Chen J, Song Y, Hu W (2022) Germ cells are not essential for sexual dimorphism of gonads in common carp. C Carpio L. Aquaculture 547:737501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737501"},{"key":"10106_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian HF, Hu QM, Li Z (2021) A high-quality de novo genome assembly of one swamp eel (Monopterus albus) strain with PacBio and Hi-C sequencing data. G3 (Bethesda) 11:jkaa032","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkaa032"},{"key":"10106_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000449297","volume":"10","author":"EV Todd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Todd EV, Liu H, Muncaster S, Gemmell NJ (2016) Bending genders: the biology of natural sex change in fish. Sex Dev 10:223\u2013241","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"10106_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.07.001","volume":"5","author":"KW Tzung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tzung KW, Goto R, Saju JM, Sreenivasan R, Saito T, Arai K, Yamaha E, Hossain MS, Calvert ME, Orban L (2015) Early Depletion of primordial germ cells in zebrafish promotes testis formation. Stem Cell Reports 5:154\u2013156","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"10106_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Lai F, Xiong J, Zhu W, Yuan B, Cheng H, Zhou R (2020) DNA methylation modification is associated with gonadal differentiation in Monopterus albus. Cell Biosci 10:129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00490-4"},{"key":"10106_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wargelius A, Leininger S, Skaftnesmo KO, Kleppe L, Andersson E, Taranger GL, Schulz RW, Edvardsen RB (2016) Dnd knockout ablates germ cells and demonstrates germ cell independent sex differentiation in Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 6:21284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21284"},{"key":"10106_CR48","unstructured":"Wei Z, Zhou DG, Ren YL (2008) Current research in breeding biology of rice field eel Monoperus albus. Hebei Fisheries 11:5\u20137 (in Chinese)"},{"key":"10106_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00537-2","volume":"13","author":"G Weidinger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weidinger G, Stebler J, Slanchev K, Dumstrei K, Wise C, Lovell-Badge R, Thisse C, Thisse B, Raz E (2003) Dead end, a novel vertebrate germ plasm component, is required for zebrafish primordial germ cell migration and survival. Curr Biol 13:1429\u20131434","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2019.06.002","volume":"235","author":"Q Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Sun Y, Liang X, Zhang L, Onxayvieng K, Li Z, Li D (2019) Visualizing primordial germ cell migration in embryos of rice field eel (Monopterus albus) using fluorescent protein tagged 3\u2032 untranslated regions of nanos3, dead end and vasa. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 235:62\u201369","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10106_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.16.3157","volume":"124","author":"C Yoon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yoon C, Kawakami K, Hopkins N (1997) Zebrafish vasa homologue RNA is localized to the cleavage planes of 2 and 4-cell-stage embryos and is expressed in the primordial germ cells. Development 124:3157\u20133165","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10106_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422371112","volume":"112","author":"LJ Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang LJ, Chen M, Wen Q, Li YQ, Wang YQ, Wang YB, Gao F (2015) Reprogramming of Sertoli cells to fetal-like Leydig cells by Wt1 ablation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:4003\u20134008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10106_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0303","volume":"199","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang W, Yang H, Zhou W, Hu C, Zhang L (2008) Two cytochrome P450 aromatase genes in the hermaphrodite rice field eel Monopterus albus: mRNA expression during ovarian development and sex change. J Endocrinol 199:317\u2013331","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10106_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao X, Luo M, Li Z, Zhong P, Cheng Y, Lai F, Wang X, Min J, Bai M, Yang Y, Cheng H, Zhou R (2018) Chromosome-scale assembly of the Monopterus genome. Gigascience 7:giy046","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy046"},{"key":"10106_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong C, Song Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Liao L, Xie S, Zhu Z, Hu Wei (2012) Growth hormone transgene effects on growth performance are inconsistent among offspring derived from different homozygous transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Aquaculture 356:404\u2013411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.04.019"},{"key":"10106_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-015-0232-7","volume":"7","author":"L Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou L, Gui JF (2016) Jian-Kang Liu: A pioneer of sex determination studies in vertebrates. Protein Cell 7:1\u20133","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"10106_CR57","unstructured":"Zhou QB, Wu DH, Wu HX, Pang HZ, Yue SL (2004) The effect of spawn and not spawn on sex reversal in rice field eel. J Econ Anim 8:89\u201391 (in Chinese)"},{"key":"10106_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.10271","volume":"66","author":"R Zhou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhou R, Liu L, Guo Y, Yu H, Cheng H, Huang X, Tiersch TR, Berta P (2003) Similar gene structure of two Sox9a genes and their expression patterns during gonadal differentiation in a teleost fish, rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Mol Reprod Dev 66:211\u2013217","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"}],"container-title":["Marine Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10126-022-10106-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10126-022-10106-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10126-022-10106-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:04:51Z","timestamp":1650067491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10126-022-10106-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10126-022-10106-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-2228","1436-2236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-2228","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-2236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}