{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1772189474839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-016-1444-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T01:15:16Z","timestamp":1474247716000},"page":"87-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["MDCT of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review of the pathophysiology, gamut of imaging findings, and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Spain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6981-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Rheinboldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e92c54","volume":"116","author":"D Soper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soper D (2010) Pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 116(2):419\u2013428","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.05.008","volume":"22","author":"S Lareau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lareau S, Beigi R (2008) Pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo-ovarian abscess. Infec Dis Clin N Am 22:693\u2013708","journal-title":"Infec Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"1444_CR3","first-page":"397","volume":"95","author":"D Rein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rein D, Kassler W, Irwin K et al (2000) Direct medical cost of pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae: decreasing but still substantial. Obster Gynecol 95:397\u2013402","journal-title":"Obster Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000175375.60973.cb","volume":"32","author":"M Sutton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sutton M, Sternberg M, Zaidi A et al (2005) Trends in pelvic inflammatory disease hospital discharges and ambulatory visits, United States 1985\u20132001. Sex Transm Dis 32:778\u2013784","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"1444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199605000-00014","volume":"23","author":"M Jossens","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jossens M, Eskenazi B, Schachter J et al (1996) Risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease: a case-control study. Sex Trans Dis 23:239\u2013247","journal-title":"Sex Trans Dis"},{"key":"1444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401133300207","volume":"330","author":"W McCormack","year":"1994","unstructured":"McCormack W (1994) Pelvic inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 330:115\u2013119","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1444_CR7","first-page":"1327","volume":"22","author":"J Sam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sam J, Jacobs J, Birnbaum B (2002) Spectrum of CT findings in acute pyogenic pelvic inflammatory disease. Radio Graphics 22:1327\u20131334","journal-title":"Radio Graphics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01380.x","volume":"37","author":"S Jung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jung S, Kim Y, Jeon H et al (2011) Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: diagnostic performance of CT. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 37(3):228\u2013235","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"1444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-002-0052-0","volume":"28","author":"G Bennett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bennett G, Harvey W, Slywotzky C (2003) CT of the acute abdomen: gynecologic etiologies. Abdom Imaging 28:416\u2013432","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"1444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199406000-00019","volume":"83","author":"M Jossens","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jossens M, Eskenazi J, Sweet R (1994) Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease of differing microbial etiologies. Obstet Gynecol 83:989\u2013997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)91077-7","volume":"138","author":"L Westrom","year":"1980","unstructured":"Westrom L (1980) Incidence, prevalence and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138:880\u2013892","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70094-X","volume":"170","author":"D Soper","year":"1994","unstructured":"Soper D, Brockwell N, Dalton H et al (1994) Observations concerning the microbial etiology of acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1008\u20131014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70098-2","volume":"170","author":"J McGregor","year":"1994","unstructured":"McGregor J, French J, Jones W et al (1994) Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1048\u20131059","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"13","key":"1444_CR14","volume":"95","author":"H Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu H, Shen Z, Luo H et al (2016) Chlamydia Trachomatis infection-associated risk of cervical cancer. Medicine 95(13):e3077","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)91474-B","volume":"164","author":"D Soper","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soper D (1991) Diagnosis and laparoscopic grading of acute salpingitis. A, J Obstet Gynecol 164(5):1370\u20131376","journal-title":"A, J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90790-X","volume":"168","author":"S Hillis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hillis S, Joesoef R, Marchbanks P et al (1991) Delayed care of pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for impaired fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1503\u20131509","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181ffa7c7","volume":"38","author":"B Taylor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taylor B, Ness R, Darville T et al (2011) Microbial correlates of delayed care for pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Trans Dis 38(5):434\u2013438","journal-title":"Sex Trans Dis"},{"key":"1444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199306000-00022","volume":"36","author":"H Wiesenfeld","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wiesenfeld H, Sweet R (1993) Progress in the management of tubo-ovarian abscess. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:433\u2013444","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(90)90388-C","volume":"8","author":"M McCormick","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCormick M, DelCastillo J, Berk R (1990) An atypical presentation of the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. J Emerg Med 8:55\u201358","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.105","volume":"188","author":"M Yudin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yudin M, Hillier S, Wiesenfeld H et al (2003) Vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial vaginosis as markers for histologic endometritis among women without symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:318\u2013323","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2600-3","volume":"287","author":"O Demirtas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demirtas O, Akman L, Demirtas G et al (2013) The role of the serum inflammatory markers for predicting the tubo-ovarian abscess in acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a single-center 5-year experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 287:519\u2013523","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"1444_CR22","first-page":"912","volume":"80","author":"B Cacciatore","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cacciatore B, Leminem A, Ingman-Friberg S et al (1992) Transvaginal sonographic markers of tubal inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 80:912\u2013916","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00241-X","volume":"90","author":"L Boardman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Boardman L, Peipert J, Brody J et al (1997) Endovaginal sonography for the diagnosis of upper genital infections. Obstet Gynecol 90:54\u201357","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.04.002","volume":"93","author":"I Thomassin-Naggara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomassin-Naggara I, Darai E, Bazot M (2012) Gynecologic pelvic infection: what is the role of imaging? Diag Intervent Imag 93:491\u2013499","journal-title":"Diag Intervent Imag"},{"key":"1444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-009-0808-8","volume":"16","author":"R Alonso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alonso R, Nacenta S, Martinez P et al (2009) Role of multidetector CT in the management of acute female pelvic disease. Emerg Radiol 16:453\u2013472","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"1444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.312105090","volume":"31","author":"M Rezvani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rezvani M, Shaaban A (2011) Fallopian tube disease in the nonpregnant patient. Radiographics 31:527\u2013548","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-008-0732-3","volume":"15","author":"J Swart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swart J, Fishman E (2008) Gynecologic pathology on multidetector CT: a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol 15:383\u2013389","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"1444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-011-0962-7","volume":"18","author":"S Yitta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yitta S, Mausner E, Kim A et al (2011) Pelvic ultrasound immediately following MDCT in female patients with abdominal\/pelvic pain: is it always necessary? Emerg Radiol 18:371\u2013380","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.246045016","volume":"24","author":"S Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim S, Kim S, Yang D et al (2004) Unusual causes of tubo-ovarian abscess: CT and MR imaging findings. Radiographics 24(6):1575\u20131589","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.2001.011004290.x","volume":"11","author":"T Bilgin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bilgin T, Karabay A, Dolar E et al (2011) Peritoneal tuberculosis with pelvic abdominal mass, ascites and elevated CA 125 mimicking ovarian carcinoma: a series of 10 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 11:290\u2013294","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"1444_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932275","volume":"243","author":"J Maenpaa","year":"1988","unstructured":"Maenpaa J, Taina E, Gronroos M et al (1988) Abdominopelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine devices. Two case reports. Arch Gynecol Obstet 243:237\u2013241","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"1444_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.16.3.8897636","volume":"16","author":"J Hochsztein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hochsztein J, Koenigsberg M, Green D (1996) US case of the day. Actinomycotic pelvic abscess secondary to an IUD with involvement of the bladder, sigmoid colon, left ureter, liver and upper abdominal wall. Radiographics 16:713\u2013716","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1444_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-007-0635-8","volume":"15","author":"H Cho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cho H, Kim H, Suh J et al (2008) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: CT findings of three cases. Emerg Radiol 15:43\u201346","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"1444_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1641","volume":"27","author":"P Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang P, Zhang L, Liu X et al (2015) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: clinical diagnostic value of dynamic enhanced MSCT. J Phys Ther Sci 27:1641\u20131644","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"1444_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-008-9472-9","volume":"34","author":"J Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim Y, Jeong W et al (2008) Perihepatitis with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) on MDCT: characteristic findings and relevance to PID. Abdom Imaging 34:737\u2013742","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"1444_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000291","volume":"39","author":"J Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim H, Kim S et al (2015) Does the degree of perihepatitis have any relevance to the severity of the manifestations of pelvic inflammatory disease on multidetector computed tomography? J Comput Assit Tomogr 39(6):901\u2013906","journal-title":"J Comput Assit Tomogr"},{"key":"1444_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-014-0158-1","volume":"39","author":"M Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee M, Moon M, Sung C et al (2014) CT findings of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Abdom Imaging 39:1350\u20131355","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"1444_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)91436-Z","volume":"164","author":"S Reed","year":"1991","unstructured":"Reed S, Landers D, Sweet R (1991) Antibiotic treatment of tuboovarian abscess: comparison of broad-spectrum beta-lactam agents versus clindamycin-containing regiments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:1556\u20131561","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Emergency Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10140-016-1444-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10140-016-1444-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10140-016-1444-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T19:06:32Z","timestamp":1498331192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10140-016-1444-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10140-016-1444-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-3004","1438-1435"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-3004","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-1435","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]}}}