{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:12:19Z","timestamp":1769598739321,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]],"date-time":"2019-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]],"date-time":"2019-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01198-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]],"date-time":"2019-11-10T10:02:56Z","timestamp":1573380176000},"page":"1473-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Tonsillar herniation spectrum: more than just Chiari I. Update and controversies on classification and management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Fiaschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Morana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Anania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Consales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Piatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Cama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pavanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1198_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2006.105.4.329","volume":"105","author":"TJ Abel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abel TJ, Chowdhary A, Gabikian P, Ellenbogen RG, Avellino AM (2006) Acquired Chiari malformation type I associated with a fatty terminal filum. J Neurosurg Pediatr 105:329\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2006.105.4.329","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198511000-00005","volume":"9","author":"AO Aboulezz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Aboulezz AO, Sartor K, Geyer CA, Gado MH (1985) Position of cerebellar tonsils in the normal population and in patients with Chiari malformation: a quantitative approach with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:1033\u20131036","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"1198_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.33.575","volume":"33","author":"S Anegawa","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anegawa S, Hayashi T, Torigoe R, Ogasawara T (1993) Dilated fourth ventricle in Arnold-Chiari malformation type II: isolated fourth ventricle as sequelae of shunt?\u2014case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 33:575\u2013578","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"1198_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0046-2","volume":"22","author":"BT Ang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ang BT, Steinbok P, Cochrane DD (2006) Etiological differences between the isolated lateral ventricle and the isolated fourth ventricle. Childs Nerv Syst 22:1080\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-006-0046-2","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-0982-8","volume":"25","author":"K Aquilina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aquilina K, Merchant TE, Boop FA, Sanford RA (2009) Chiari I malformation after cranial radiation therapy in childhood: a dynamic process associated with changes in clival growth. Childs Nerv Syst 25:1429\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-009-0982-8","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1004957","volume":"363","author":"RA Avery","year":"2010","unstructured":"Avery RA, Shah SS, Licht DJ, Seiden JA, Huh JW, Boswinkel J, Ruppe MD, Chew A, Mistry RD, Liu GT (2010) Reference Range for Cerebrospinal Fluid Opening Pressure in Children. N Engl J Med 363:891\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1004957","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1198_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.06.009","volume":"14","author":"B Bahuleyan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bahuleyan B, Rao A, Chacko AG, Daniel RT (2007) Supracerebellar arachnoid cyst\u2014a rare cause of acquired Chiari I malformation. J Clin Neurosci 14:895\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.06.009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.02.036","volume":"20","author":"L Banh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banh L, Brophy BP (2013) Cranio-cervical decompression and expansile duroplasty for isolated fourth ventricle in a patient with Chiari II malformation. J Clin Neurosci 20:158\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.02.036","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.03.016","volume":"247","author":"R Banik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Banik R, Lin D, Miller NR (2006) Prevalence of Chiari I malformation and cerebellar ectopia in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. J Neurol Sci 247:71\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2006.03.016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1198_CR10","first-page":"795","volume":"7","author":"AJ Barkovich","year":"1986","unstructured":"Barkovich AJ, Wippold FJ, Sherman JL, Citrin CM (1986) Significance of cerebellar tonsillar position on MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 7:795\u2013799","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1198_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301023","volume":"12","author":"PA Battistella","year":"1996","unstructured":"Battistella PA, Perilongo G, Carollo C (1996) Neurofibromatosis type 1 and type I Chiari malformation: an unusual association. Childs Nerv Syst 12:336\u2013338","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003122","volume":"87","author":"J Beck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beck J, Ulrich CT, Fung C, Fichtner J, Seidel K, Fiechter M, Hsieh K, Murek M, Bervini D, Meier N, Mono ML, Mordasini P, Hewer E, Z'Graggen WJ, Gralla J, Raabe A (2016) Diskogenic microspurs as a major cause of intractable spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurology 87:1220\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003122","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1198_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.1.SPINE16548","volume":"27","author":"J Beck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck J, Fung C, Ulrich CT, Fiechter M, Fichtner J, Mattle HP, Mono ML, Meier N, Mordasini P, Z'Graggen WJ, Gralla J, Raabe A (2017) Cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance as a diagnostic marker of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leakage. J Neurosurg Spine 27:227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.1.SPINE16548","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"1198_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01778.x","volume":"28","author":"PW Brazis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brazis PW (2008) Clinical review: the surgical treatment of idiopathic pseudotumour cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension). Cephalalgia 28:1361\u20131373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01778.x","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1198_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2015.06.003","volume":"26","author":"TJ Buell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buell TJ, Heiss JD, Oldfield EH (2015) Pathogenesis and cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics of the Chiari I malformation. Neurosurg Clin N Am 26:495\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2015.06.003","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"1198_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501750291882","volume":"18","author":"G Bunc","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bunc G, Vorsic M (2001) Presentation of a previously asymptomatic Chiari I malformation by a flexion injury to the neck. J Neurotrauma 18:645\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/089771501750291882","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1198_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400915592549","volume":"28","author":"R Calandrelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calandrelli R, D\u2019Apolito G, Marco P, Zampino G, Tartaglione T, Colosimo C (2015) Costello syndrome: analysis of the posterior cranial fossa in children with posterior fossa crowding. Neuroradiol J 28:254\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1971400915592549","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"1198_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22442","volume":"28","author":"A Cesmebasi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cesmebasi A, Loukas M, Hogan E, Kralovic S, Tubbs RS, Cohen-Gadol AA (2015) The Chiari malformations: a review with emphasis on anatomical traits. Clin Anat 28:184\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.22442","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"1198_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.06.046","volume":"92","author":"Y Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen Y, Fang H-J, Li Z-F, Yu S-Y, Li C-Z, Wu Z-B, Zhang Y-Z (2016) Treatment of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 92:480\u2013490.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.06.046","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.02.013","volume":"80","author":"C-H Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen C-H, Chen J-H, Chen H-C, Chai J-W, Chen P-L, Chen CC-C (2017) Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) distribution in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension: assessed with magnetic resonance myelography. J Chin Med Assoc 80:109\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.02.013","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"1198_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.4.0568","volume":"78","author":"PD Chumas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chumas PD, Armstrong DC, Drake JM, Kulkarni AV, Hoffman HJ, Humphreys RP, Rutka JT, Hendrick EB (1993) Tonsillar herniation: the rule rather than the exception after lumboperitoneal shunting in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg 78:568\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1993.78.4.0568","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-1115-z","volume":"21","author":"G Cinalli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cinalli G, Spennato P, Sainte-Rose C, Arnaud E, Aliberti F, Brunelle F et al (2005) Chiari malformation in craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 21:889\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-004-1115-z","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2007.106.4.296","volume":"106","author":"RL Conway","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conway RL, Danielpour M, Graham JM (2007) Surgical management of cerebellar tonsillar herniation in three patients with macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 106:296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2007.106.4.296","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32040","volume":"143A","author":"RL Conway","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conway RL, Pressman BD, Dobyns WB, Danielpour M, Lee J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Butler MG, Zackai E, Campbell L, Saitta SC, Clericuzio CL, Milunsky JM, Hoyme HE, Shieh J, Moeschler JB, Crandall B, Lauzon JL, Viskochil DH, Harding B, Graham JM Jr (2007) Neuroimaging findings in macrocephaly-capillary malformation: a longitudinal study of 17 patients. Am J Med Genet A 143A:2981\u20133008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.32040","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"1198_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-003-0837-7","volume":"19","author":"C Di Rocco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Di Rocco C, Velardi F (2003) Acquired Chiari type I malformation managed by supratentorial cranial enlargement. Childs Nerv Syst 19:800\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-003-0837-7","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.1.PEDS10353","volume":"7","author":"BJ Dlouhy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dlouhy BJ, Menezes AH (2011) Osteopetrosis with Chiari I malformation: presentation and surgical management. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7:369\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.1.PEDS10353","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2006.104.5.305","volume":"104","author":"JM Drake","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drake JM (2006) Occult tethered cord syndrome: not an indication for surgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr 104:305\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2006.104.5.305","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520320065016","volume":"45","author":"FJ Durcan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Durcan FJ, Corbett JJ, Wall M (1988) The incidence of pseudotumor cerebri. Population studies in Iowa and Louisiana. Arch Neurol 45:875\u2013877","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ekici MA, C\u0131kla U, Bauer A, Ba\u015fkaya MK (2015, 2015) Osteopetrosis and Chiari type I malformation: a rare association. J Surg Case Rep:rjv084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjv084","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjv084"},{"key":"1198_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.183.2.1561334","volume":"183","author":"AD Elster","year":"1992","unstructured":"Elster AD, Chen MY (1992) Chiari I malformations: clinical and radiologic reappraisal. Radiology 183:347\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.183.2.1561334","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1198_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200112000-00002","volume":"108","author":"JA Fearon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fearon JA, Swift DM, Bruce DA (2001) New methods for the evaluation and treatment of craniofacial dysostosis-associated cerebellar tonsillar herniation. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1855\u20131861","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"1198_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000480014.18541.d8","volume":"137","author":"JA Fearon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fearon JA, Dimas V, Ditthakasem K (2016) Lambdoid Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 137:946\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000480014.18541.d8","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1198_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-S1-S1","volume":"10","author":"AA Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez AA, Guerrero AI, Mart\u00ednez MI, V\u00e1zquez MEA, Fern\u00e1ndez JB, Chesa i Octavio E et al (2009) Malformations of the craniocervical junction (Chiari type I and syringomyelia: classification, diagnosis and treatment). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 10(Suppl 1):S1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-10-S1-S1","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"1198_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000120663","volume":"18","author":"PM Francis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Francis PM, Beals S, Rekate HL, Pittman HW, Manwaring K, Reiff J (1992) Chronic tonsillar herniation and Crouzon\u2019s syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 18:202\u2013206","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.490512","volume":"24","author":"MD Freeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freeman MD, Rosa S, Harshfield D, Smith F, Bennett R, Centeno CJ, Kornel E, Nystrom A, Heffez D, Kohles SS (2010) A case-control study of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (Chiari) and head\/neck trauma (whiplash). Brain Inj 24:988\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02699052.2010.490512","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"1198_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000029570.69134.1B","volume":"59","author":"DI Friedman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Friedman DI, Jacobson DM (2002) Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology 59:1492\u20131495","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1198_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.2.221","volume":"64","author":"K Furuya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Furuya K, Sano K, Segawa H, Ide K, Yoneyama H (1998) Symptomatic tonsillar ectopia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:221\u2013226","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1198_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-010-0262-9","volume":"33","author":"M Galarza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galarza M, L\u00f3pez-Guerrero AL, Mart\u00ednez-Lage JF (2010) Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts and cerebellar tonsillar descent: short review. Neurosurg Rev 33:305\u2013314; discussion 314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-010-0262-9","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"1198_CR39","first-page":"117","volume":"16","author":"L Garavelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garavelli L, Leask K, Zanacca C, Pedori S, Albertini G, Della Giustina E, Croci GF, Magnani C, Banchini G, Clayton-Smith J, Bocian M, Firth H, Gold JA, Hurst J (2005) MRI and neurological findings in macrocephaly-cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita syndrome: report of ten cases and review of the literature. Genet Couns 16:117\u2013128","journal-title":"Genet Couns"},{"key":"1198_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.05.023","volume":"22","author":"C Glenn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glenn C, Cheema AA, Safavi-Abbasi S, Gross NL, Martin MD, Mapstone TB (2015) Spinal cord detethering in children with tethered cord syndrome and Chiari type 1 malformations. J Clin Neurosci 22:1749\u20131752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.05.023","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.06.019","volume":"12","author":"A Goel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goel A, Cacciola F, Muzumdar DP (2005) Trigeminal neurinoma associated with Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. J Clin Neurosci 12:608\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.06.019","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195537050-00008","volume":"37-A","author":"LW Gorham","year":"1955","unstructured":"Gorham LW, Stout AP (1955) Massive osteolysis (acute spontaneous absorption of bone, phantom bone, disappearing bone); its relation to hemangiomatosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 37-A:985\u20131004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"1198_CR43","volume-title":"Costello syndrome. Genereviews","author":"KW Gripp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gripp KW, Rauen KA (2006) Costello syndrome. Genereviews. University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle"},{"key":"1198_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33391","volume":"152A","author":"KW Gripp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gripp KW, Hopkins E, Doyle D, Dobyns WB (2010) High incidence of progressive postnatal cerebellar enlargement in Costello syndrome: brain overgrowth associated with HRAS mutations as the likely cause of structural brain and spinal cord abnormalities. Am J Med Genet Part A 152A:1161\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.33391","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part A"},{"key":"1198_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1034","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.1034","volume":"9","author":"AS Haider","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haider AS, Sulhan S, Watson IT, Leonard D, Arrey EN, Khan U, Nguyen P, Layton KF (2017) Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Presenting as a &quot;Pseudo-Chiari 1. Cureus 9:e1034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.1034","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1198_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23124","volume":"57","author":"AM Hammill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hammill AM, Wentzel M, Gupta A, Nelson S, Lucky A, Elluru R, Dasgupta R, Azizkhan RG, Adams DM (2011) Sirolimus for the treatment of complicated vascular anomalies in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57:1018\u20131024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.23124","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1198_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4023","volume":"35","author":"V Haughton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haughton V, Mardal K-A (2014) Spinal fluid biomechanics and imaging: an update for neuroradiologists. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:1864\u20131869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A4023","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1198_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2006.105.5.385","volume":"105","author":"CA Helland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Helland CA, Wester K (2006) A population-based study of intracranial arachnoid cysts: clinical and neuroimaging outcomes following surgical cyst decompression in children. J Neurosurg 105:385\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2006.105.5.385","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.FOCUS1079","volume":"29","author":"DA Hertzler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hertzler DA, DePowell JJ, Stevenson CB, Mangano FT (2010) Tethered cord syndrome: a review of the literature from embryology to adult presentation. Neurosurg Focus 29:E1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.3.FOCUS1079","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1198_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.6.1099","volume":"80","author":"PP Huang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Huang PP, Constantini S (1994) \u201cAcquired\u201d Chiari I malformation. J Neurosurg 80:1099\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1994.80.6.1099","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000315005","volume":"46","author":"BD Hughes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hughes BD, Grant GA, Cummings TJ, Fuchs HE (2010) Disappearing bone disease and Chiari I malformation. Pediatr Neurosurg 46:58\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000315005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR52","first-page":"480","volume":"44","author":"K Karaman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karaman K, Gverovi\u0107-Antunica A, Zuljan I, Vukojevi\u0107 N, Zoltner B, Erceg I, Ivkosi\u0107 A (2003) Familial idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Croat Med J 44:480\u2013484","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"1198_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-2000-9","volume":"29","author":"YS Keh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keh YS, Abernethy L, Pettorini B (2013) Association between Noonan syndrome and Chiari I malformation: a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst 29:749\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-012-2000-9","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00015","volume":"49","author":"RW Kirollos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kirollos RW, Tyagi AK, Ross SA, van Hille PT, Marks PV (2001) Management of spontaneous cerebellar hematomas: a prospective treatment protocol. Neurosurgery 49:1378\u20131386 discussion 1386-7","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"1198_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2176\/nmccrj.2014-0141","volume":"2","author":"M Kohno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kohno M, Aota Y, Kawai T, Murata H, Saito T (2014) Surgical treatment of Gorham\u2019s disease with massive osteolysis of the skull and cervical spine: a case report and review of literature. NMC Case Rep J 2(2):80\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmccrj.2014-0141","journal-title":"NMC Case Rep J"},{"key":"1198_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.49.90","volume":"49","author":"A Kojima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kojima A, Mayanagi K, Okui S (2009) Progression of pre-existing Chiari type I malformation secondary to cerebellar hemorrhage: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 49:90\u201392","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"1198_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.19.11.1127","volume":"19","author":"IZ Kosary","year":"1969","unstructured":"Kosary IZ, Braham J, Shaked I, Tadmor R (1969) Cervical syringomyelia associated with occipital meningioma. Neurology 19:1127\u20131130","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1198_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0639-3","volume":"21","author":"PG Kranz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kranz PG, Malinzak MD, Amrhein TJ, Gray L (2017) Update on the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Curr Pain Headache Rep 21:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-017-0639-3","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"1198_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002776","volume":"86","author":"N Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar N, Diehn FE, Carr CM, Verdoorn JT, Garza I, Luetmer PH, Atkinson JL, Morris JM (2016) Spinal CSF venous fistula: a treatable etiology for CSF leaks in craniospinal hypovolemia. Neurology 86:2310\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002776","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1198_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1159\/000120910","volume":"22","author":"M Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee M, Rezai AR, Wisoff JH (1995) Acquired Chiari-I malformation and hydromyelia secondary to a giant craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Neurosurg 22:251\u2013254","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1044-y","volume":"26","author":"J Leikola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leikola J, Koljonen V, Valanne L, Hukki J (2010) The incidence of Chiari malformation in nonsyndromic, single suture craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 26:771\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-009-1044-y","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290020011001","volume":"47","author":"BW Lichtenstein","year":"1942","unstructured":"Lichtenstein BW (1942) Distant neuroanatomic complications of spina bifida (spinal dysraphism). Arch Neurol Psychiatr 47:195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290020011001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"1198_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2496","volume":"32","author":"SO Linge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linge SO, Haughton V, L\u00f8vgren AE, Mardal KA, Helgeland A, Langtangen HP (2011) Effect of tonsillar herniation on cyclic CSF flow studied with computational flow analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1474\u20131481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2496","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1198_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.100369","volume":"3","author":"T Lovely","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lovely T, Peleggi A (2012) Treatment of delayed Chiari malformation and syringomyelia after lumboperitoneal shunt placement: case report and treatment recommendations. Surg Neurol Int 3:101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2152-7806.100369","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"1198_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20100106-15","volume":"47","author":"DAM Lyall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lyall DAM, Martinek K, Koshy Z (2010) Downbeat nystagmus as the sole sign of Chiari malformation in goldenhar syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 47:61\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20100106-15","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"1198_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(81)90040-X","volume":"50","author":"M Marin-Padilla","year":"1981","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M, Marin-Padilla TM (1981) Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold--Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci 50:29\u201355","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1198_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04218-9","volume":"35","author":"L Massimi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Massimi L, Frassanito P, Bianchi F, Tamburrini G, Caldarelli M (2019) Bony decompression vs duraplasty for Chiari I malformation: does the eternal dilemma matter? Childs Nerv Syst 35:1827\u20131838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-019-04218-9","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199905000-00042","volume":"44","author":"TH Milhorat","year":"1999","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Chou MW, Trinidad EM, Kula RW, Mandell M, Wolpert C, t al. (1999) Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients. Neurosurgery 44:1005\u20131017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1198_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.03.008","volume":"72","author":"TH Milhorat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Bolognese PA, Nishikawa M, Francomano CA, McDonnell NB, Roonprapunt C, Kula RW (2009) Association of Chiari malformation type I and tethered cord syndrome: preliminary results of sectioning filum terminale. Surg Neurol 72:20\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.03.008","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.5.814","volume":"58","author":"B Mokri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mokri B, Maher CO, Sencakova D (2002) Spontaneous CSF leaks: underlying disorder of connective tissue. Neurology 58:814\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.58.5.814","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1198_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.3.0556","volume":"83","author":"T Morioka","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morioka T, Shono T, Nishio S, Yoshida K, Hasuo K, Fukui M (1995) Acquired Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia associated with bilateral chronic subdural hematoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 83:556\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1995.83.3.0556","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000120232","volume":"12","author":"TP Naidich","year":"1985","unstructured":"Naidich TP, McLone DG, Radkowski MA (1985) Intracranial arachnoid cysts. Pediatr Neurosci 12:112\u2013122","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588337","volume":"37","author":"T Nakai","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nakai T, Asato R, Miki Y, Tanaka F, Matsumoto S, Konishi J (1995) A case of achondroplasia with downward displacement of the brain stem. Neuroradiology 37:293\u2013294","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"1198_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1895-5","volume":"29","author":"G Niotakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niotakis G, Grigoratos D, Chandler C, Morrison D, Lim M (2013) CSF diversion in refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension: single-centre experience and review of efficacy. Childs Nerv Syst 29:263\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-012-1895-5","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.102.3.0326","volume":"102","author":"D Pang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pang D, Zwienenberg-Lee M, Smith M, Zovickian J (2005) Progressive cranial nerve palsy following shunt placement in an isolated fourth ventricle: case report. J Neurosurg 102:326\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2005.102.3.0326","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0274-5","volume":"23","author":"M Pavanello","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pavanello M, Piatelli G, Ravegnani M, Consales A, Rossi A, Nozza P, Milanaccio C, Carbone M, Cama A (2007) Cystic angiomatosis of the craniocervical junction associated with Chiari I malformation: case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 23:697\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-006-0274-5","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199403000-00007","volume":"34","author":"TD Payner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Payner TD, Prenger E, Berger TS, Crone KR (1994) Acquired Chiari malformations: incidence, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurgery 34:429\u2013434 discussion 434","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1198_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1738-4","volume":"28","author":"N Pencovich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pencovich N, Ben-Sira L, Kesler A, Constantini S (2012) Acquired and reversible Chiari-like descent following a single lumbar puncture: case report. Childs Nerv Syst 28:1269\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-012-1738-4","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_7_17","volume":"8","author":"DL Penn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Penn DL, Tartarini RJ, Glass CH, De Girolami U, Zamani AA, Dunn IF (2017) Natural history of cranial fibrous dysplasia revealed during long-term follow-up: Case report and literature review. Surg Neurol Int 8:209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sni.sni_7_17","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"1198_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)00117-K","volume":"12","author":"BR Pober","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pober BR, Filiano JJ (1995) Association of Chiari I malformation and Williams syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 12:84\u201388","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584563","volume":"47","author":"A Poretti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poretti A, Ashmawy R, Garzon-Muvdi T, Jallo GI, Huisman TAGM, Raybaud C (2016) Chiari type 1 deformity in children: pathogenetic, clinical, neuroimaging, and management aspects. Neuropediatrics 47:293\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0036-1584563","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"1198_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.06.053","volume":"67","author":"N Pouratian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pouratian N, Sansur CA, Newman SA, Jane JA, Jane JA (2007) Chiari malformations in patients with uncorrected sagittal synostosis. Surg Neurol 67:422\u2013427; discussion 427-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.06.053","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e328302c819","volume":"15","author":"F Prattic\u00f2","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prattic\u00f2 F, Perfetti P, Gabrieli A, Longo D, Caroselli C, Ricci G (2008) Chiari I malformation with syrinx: an unexpected diagnosis in the emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med 15:342\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e328302c819","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1198_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2007.106.1.48","volume":"106","author":"S Puget","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puget S, Kondageski C, Wray A, Boddaert N, Roujeau T, Di Rocco F et al (2007) Chiari-like tonsillar herniation associated with intracranial hypotension in Marfan syndrome. Case report. J Neurosurg 106:48\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2007.106.1.48","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182134399","volume":"69","author":"M Rahman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rahman M, Bidari SS, Quisling RG, Friedman WA (2011) Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: dilemmas in diagnosis. Neurosurgery 69:4\u201314; discussion 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182134399","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1198_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64189-2.00002-0","volume":"155","author":"C Raybaud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raybaud C, Jallo GI (2018) Chiari 1 deformity in children: etiopathogenesis and radiologic diagnosis. Handb Clin Neurol 155:25\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-64189-2.00002-0","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000120672","volume":"18","author":"HL Rekate","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rekate HL (1992) Brain turgor (Kb): intrinsic property of the brain to resist distortion. Pediatr Neurosurg 18:257\u2013262","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.06.009","volume":"47","author":"RW Renkema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Renkema RW, Caron CJJM, Wolvius EB, Dunaway DJ, Forrest CR, Padwa BL, Koudstaal MJ (2018) Central nervous system anomalies in craniofacial microsomia: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.06.009","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1198_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-017-0849-5","volume":"41","author":"B Ros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ros B, Iglesias S, Mart\u00edn \u00c1, Carrasco A, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez G, Arr\u00e1ez MA (2018) Shunt overdrainage syndrome: review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 41(4):969\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-017-0849-5","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"1198_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2006.07.001","volume":"41","author":"A Rossi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rossi A, Gandolfo C, Morana G, Piatelli G, Ravegnani M, Consales A et al (2006) Current classification and imaging of congenital spinal abnormalities. Semin Roentgenol 41:250\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ro.2006.07.001","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"key":"1198_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050327","volume":"246","author":"C Samii","year":"1999","unstructured":"Samii C, M\u00f6bius E, Weber W, Heienbrok HW, Berlit P (1999) Pseudo Chiari type I malformation secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leakage. J Neurol 246:162\u2013164","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.6.1098","volume":"100","author":"WI Schievink","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Maya MM, Moser FM (2004) Treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension with percutaneous placement of a fibrin sealant. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 100:1098\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2004.100.6.1098","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.055","volume":"163","author":"WI Schievink","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Maya MM, Louy C, Moser FG, Sloninsky L (2013) Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr 163:504\u2013510.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.055","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1172","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000325884.05871.aa","volume":"62","author":"M Scholsem","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scholsem M, Scholtes F, Belachew S, Martin D (2008) Acquired tonsillar herniation and syringomyelia after pleural effusion aspiration: case report. Neurosurgery 62:E1172\u2013E1173; discussion E1173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000325884.05871.aa","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1198_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.02.004","volume":"21","author":"J Sch\u00f6nberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nberger J, M\u00f6hlenbruch M, Seitz A, Bu\u00dfmann C, B\u00e4chli H, K\u00f6lker S (2017) Chiari-like displacement due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension in an adolescent: Successful treatment by epidural blood patch. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 21:678\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.02.004","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.3.0483","volume":"96","author":"I Schrijver","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schrijver I, Schievink WI, Godfrey M, Meyer FB, Francke U (2002) Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and minor skeletal features of Marfan syndrome: a microfibrillopathy. J Neurosurg 96:483\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2002.96.3.0483","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.2.170","volume":"13","author":"A Schupper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schupper A, Konen O, Halevy A, Cohen R, Aharoni S, Shuper A (2017) Thick corpus callosum in children. J Clin Neurol 13:170\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.2.170","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.PEDS15482","volume":"18","author":"D Segal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Segal D, Heary RF, Sabharwal S, Barry MT, Ming X (2016) Severe holocord syrinx in a child with megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome. J Neurosurg Pediatr 18:79\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.1.PEDS15482","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2924-y","volume":"32","author":"Y Serlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serlin Y, Benifla M, Shelef I (2016) Tonsillar contusion associated with benign tonsillar ectopia following minor head trauma. Childs Nerv Syst 32:881\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-015-2924-y","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00366158","volume":"12","author":"S Sgouros","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sgouros S, Goldin JH, Hockley AD, Wake MJ (1996) Posterior skull surgery in craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 12:727\u2013733","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3189-9","volume":"33","author":"FG Sgul\u00f2","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sgul\u00f2 FG, Spennato P, Aliberti F, Di Martino G, Cascone D, Cinalli G (2017) Contemporary occurrence of hydrocephalus and Chiari I malformation in sagittal craniosynostosis. Case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 33:187\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-016-3189-9","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.07.009","volume":"25","author":"KA Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith KA (2016) Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: Targeted or blind blood patch. J Clin Neurosci 25:10\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.07.009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.1.89","volume":"78","author":"D Soler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Soler D, Cox T, Bullock P, Calver DM, Robinson RO (1998) Diagnosis and management of benign intracranial hypertension. Arch Dis Child 78:89\u201394","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1198_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/1793-5482.151512","volume":"10","author":"US Srinivasan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srinivasan US, Lawrence R (2015) Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts in adults: Surgical strategy: Case series. Asian J Neurosurg 10:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1793-5482.151512","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-5","volume":"4","author":"Z Stark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stark Z, Savarirayan R (2009) Osteopetrosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 4:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-1172-4-5","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"1198_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.3.6.0471","volume":"3","author":"BD Stemper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Gennarelli TA, Pintar FA (2005) Localized cervical facet joint kinematics under physiological and whiplash loading. J Neurosurg Spine 3:471\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2005.3.6.0471","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"1198_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00593966","volume":"35","author":"LJ Stovner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stovner LJ, Bergan U, Nilsen G, Sjaastad O (1993) Posterior cranial fossa dimensions in the Chiari I malformation: relation to pathogenesis and clinical presentation. Neuroradiology 35:113\u2013118","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"1198_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.6.FOCUS11107","volume":"31","author":"J Strahle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strahle J, Muraszko KM, Buchman SR, Kapurch J, Garton HJL, Maher CO (2011) Chiari malformation associated with craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Focus 31:E2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.6.FOCUS11107","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1198_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.08.061","volume":"85","author":"T Sugimoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sugimoto T, Uranishi R, Yamada T (2016) Gradually progressive symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus caused by an arachnoid cyst in the fourth ventricle: a case report. World Neurosurg 85:364\u2013e19\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.08.061","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.11.015","volume":"40","author":"A Takahashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takahashi A, Ogawa C, Kanazawa T, Watanabe H, Suzuki M, Suzuki N et al (2005) Remission induced by interferon alfa in a patient with massive osteolysis and extension of lymph-hemangiomatosis: a severe case of Gorham-Stout syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 40:E47\u2013E50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.11.015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"1198_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.012","volume":"108","author":"AK Thotakura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thotakura AK, Marabathina NR (2017) Acquired Chiari I malformation with syringomyelia secondary to colloid cyst with hydrocephalus\u2014case report and review of literature. World Neurosurg 108:995.e1\u2013995.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.012","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR112","first-page":"1551","volume-title":"Congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord. Pediatric Neuroradiology","author":"P Tortori-Donati","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tortori-Donati P, Rossi A, Biancheri R, Cama A (2005) Congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord. Pediatric Neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 1551\u20131608"},{"key":"1198_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2015.06.007","volume":"26","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tubbs RS (2015) Definitions and anatomic considerations in Chiari I malformation and associated syringomyelia. Neurosurg Clin N Am 26:487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2015.06.007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"1198_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.2.0172","volume":"103","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ (2005) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in a child with Chiari I malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg 103:172\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2005.103.2.0172","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000050407","volume":"35","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Elton S, Blount JP, Oakes WJ (2001) Preliminary observations on the association between simple metopic ridging in children without trigonocephaly and the Chiari I malformation. Pediatr Neurosurg 35:136\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000050407","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.101.2.0179","volume":"101","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Iskandar BJ, Bartolucci AA, Oakes WJ (2004) A critical analysis of the Chiari 1.5 malformation. J Neurosurg 101:179\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2004.101.2.0179","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.101.2.0211","volume":"101","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Law C, Oakes WJ, Grabb PA (2004) Acquired Chiari I malformation following baclofen pump placement in a child. Case report J Neurosurg 101:211\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2004.101.2.0211","journal-title":"Case report J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2003.09.013","volume":"30","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Rutledge SL, Kosentka A, Bartolucci AA, Oakes WJ (2004) Chiari I malformation and neurofibromatosis type 1. Pediatr Neurol 30:278\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2003.09.013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1198_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0286-1","volume":"23","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Oakes WJ (2007) Observations at the craniocervical junction with simultaneous caudal traction of the spinal cord. Childs Nerv Syst 23:367\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-006-0286-1","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.12.PEDS10379","volume":"7","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Beckman J, Naftel RP, Chern JJ, Wellons JC, Rozzelle CJ et al (2011) Institutional experience with 500 cases of surgically treated pediatric Chiari malformation Type I. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7:248\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.12.PEDS10379","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2642-5","volume":"31","author":"S Udayakumaran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Udayakumaran S, Onyia CU (2015) Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome and Chiari I malformation\u2014a case-based review of central nervous system involvement in hemihypertrophy syndromes. Childs Nerv Syst 31:637\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-015-2642-5","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1198_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.10.PEDS10139","volume":"7","author":"S Udayakumaran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Udayakumaran S, Biyani N, Rosenbaum DP, Ben-Sira L, Constantini S, Beni-Adani L (2011) Posterior fossa craniotomy for trapped fourth ventricle in shunt-treated hydrocephalic children: long-term outcome. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7:52\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.10.PEDS10139","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1198_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000444937","volume":"51","author":"K Urgun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Urgun K, Y\u0131lmaz B, Tokta\u015f ZO, Akak\u0131n A, Konya D, Demir MK et al (2016) Craniospinal polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cysts, and Chiari type 1 malformation coexistence in a patient with McCune-Albright syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 51:253\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444937","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0745-7","volume":"32","author":"LG Valentini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Valentini LG, Selvaggio G, Visintini S, Erbetta A, Scaioli V, Solero CL (2011) Tethered cord: natural history, surgical outcome and risk for Chiari malformation 1 (CM1). Neurol Sci 32:353\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-011-0745-7","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1198_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01346-6","volume":"133","author":"MS Vaphiades","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vaphiades MS, Eggenberger ER, Miller NR, Frohman L, Krisht A (2002) Resolution of papilledema after neurosurgical decompression for primary Chiari I malformation. Am J Ophthalmol 133:673\u2013678","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1198_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(94)90051-5","volume":"47","author":"SA Wall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wall SA, Goldin JH, Hockley AD, Wake MJ, Poole MD, Briggs M (1994) Fronto-orbital re-operation in craniosynostosis. Br J Plast Surg 47:180\u2013184","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"1198_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325498.04975.C0","volume":"63","author":"MJ Wan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wan MJ, Nomura H, Tator CH (2008) Conversion to symptomatic Chiari I malformation after minor head or neck trauma. Neurosurgery 63:748\u2013753; discussion 753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325498.04975.C0","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1198_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.03.016","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang F, Yu M, Wang W (2015) Clinical and radiological outcomes of surgical treatment for symptomatic arachnoid cysts in adults. J Clin Neurosci 22:1456\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.03.016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1198_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.11.080","volume":"98","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang J, Alotaibi NM, Samuel N, Ibrahim GM, Fallah A, Cusimano MD (2017) Acquired Chiari malformation and syringomyelia secondary to space-occupying lesions: a systematic review. World Neurosurg 98:800\u2013808.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.11.080","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000078908","volume":"40","author":"MC Wehby","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wehby MC, O\u2019Hollaren PS, Abtin K, Hume JL, Richards BJ (2004) Occult tight filum terminale syndrome: results of surgical untethering. Pediatr Neurosurg 40:51\u201357; discussion 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000078908","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.55.4.0604","volume":"55","author":"K Welch","year":"1981","unstructured":"Welch K, Shillito J, Strand R, Fischer EG, Winston KR (1981) Chiari I &quot;malformations&quot; - an acquired disorder? J Neurosurg 55:604\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1981.55.4.0604","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1198_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2015.1119236","volume":"30","author":"L Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu L, Qi S, Peng Y, Fan J (2016) Endoscopic approach for quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cyst. Br J Neurosurg 30:429\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688697.2015.1119236","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01198-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01198-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01198-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1605936231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01198-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01198-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0344-5607","1437-2320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0344-5607","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-2320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Giannina Gaslini Institute and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all the patients included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}