{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:22:22Z","timestamp":1791361342161,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01591-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T11:04:18Z","timestamp":1625051058000},"page":"231-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Surgery for cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3255-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel H. F.","family":"Poorthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Kitchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustam","family":"Al-Shahi Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx091","volume":"80","author":"A Akers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akers A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Awad I, Dahlem K, Flemming K, Hart B, Kim H, Jusue-Torres I, Kondziolka D, Lee C, Morrison L, Rigamonti D, Rebeiz T, Tournier-Lasserve E, Waggoner D, Whtiehead K (2017) Synopsis of guidelines for the clinical management of cerebral cavernous malformations: consensus recommendations based on systematic literature review by the angioma alliance scientific advisory board clinical experts panel. Neurosurgery 80:665\u2013680","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000069018.90456.C9","volume":"34","author":"R Al-Shahi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Shahi R, Bhattacharya JJ, Currie DG, Papanastassiou V, Ritchie V, Roberts RC, Sellar RJ, Warlow CP (2003) Prospective, population-based detection of intracranial vascular malformations in adults: the Scottish Intracranial Vascular Malformation Study (SIVMS). Stroke 34:1163\u20131169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000069018.90456.C9","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.515544","volume":"39","author":"R Al-Shahi Salman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Shahi Salman R, Berg M, Morrison L, Awad I (2008) Hemorrhage from cavernous malformations of the brain: definition and reporting standards. Stroke 39:3222\u20133230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.515544","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00039-9","volume":"15","author":"Al-Shahi Salman R, Kitchen N, Thomson J, Ganesan V, Mallucci C, Radatz M, Priority Setting Partnership Steering Group C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Shahi Salman R, Kitchen N, Thomson J, Ganesan V, Mallucci C, Radatz M, Priority Setting Partnership Steering Group C (2016) Top ten research priorities for brain and spine cavernous malformations. Lancet Neurol 15:354\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00039-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0439","volume":"74","author":"KD Flemming","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flemming KD, Graff-Radford J, Aakre J, Kantarci K, Lanzino G, Brown RD, Mielke MM, Roberts RO, Kremers W, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR (2017) Population-based prevalence of cerebral cavernous malformations in older adults: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. JAMA Neurol 74:801\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0439","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"1591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756","volume":"21","author":"MF Freeman","year":"1950","unstructured":"Freeman MF, Tukey JW (1950) Transformations related to the angular and the square root. Ann Math Stat 21:607\u2013611","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"1591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garner P, Hopewell S, Chandler J, MacLehose H, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Akl EA, Beyene J, Chang S, Churchill R, Dearness K, Guyatt G, Lefebvre C, Liles B, Marshall R, Mart\u00ednez Garc\u00eda L, Mavergames C, Nasser M, Qaseem A, Sampson M, Soares-Weiser K, Takwoingi Y, Thabane L, Trivella M, Tugwell P, Welsh E, Wilson EC (2016) When and how to update systematic reviews: consensus and checklist. BMJ 354","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i3507"},{"key":"1591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, Welch V (2019) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane Collab","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"1591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J 327:557\u2013560","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00303-8","volume":"15","author":"MA Horne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horne MA, Flemming KD, Su IC, Stapf C, Jeon JP, Li D, Maxwell SS, White P, Christianson TJ, Agid R, Cho WS, Oh CW, Wu Z, Zhang JT, Kim JE, ter Brugge K, Willinsky R, Brown RD, Murray GD, Salman RAS, Al-Shahi Salman R, Baird S, Bhattacharya JJ, Counsell CE, St George EJ, White PM, Ritchie V, Roberts RC, Sellar RJ, Warlow CP, Link MJ, Tymianski M, Wallace MC, Herv\u00e9 D, Riant F, Schneble HM, Chung YS, Oh S, Ahn JH, Son YJ, Bang JS, Kang HS, Sohn CH, Hao SY, Jia GJ, Zhang LW (2016) Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol 15:166\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00303-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182635696","volume":"79","author":"CB Josephson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Josephson CB, Bhattacharya JJ, Counsell CE, Papanastassiou V, Ritchie V, Roberts R, Sellar R, Warlow CP, Al-Shahi Salman R (2012) Seizure risk with AVM treatment or conservative management: prospective, population-based study. Neurology 79:500\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182635696","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026120","volume":"50","author":"KN Kearns","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kearns KN, Chen CJ, Tvrdik P, Park MS, Kalani YMS (2019) Outcomes of surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations a systematic review. Stroke 50:2964\u20132966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026120","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.JNS15619","volume":"126","author":"E Magro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Magro E, Gentric JC, Darsaut TE, Ziegler D, Bojanowski MW, Raymond J (2017) Responses to ARUBA: a systematic review and critical analysis for the design of future arteriovenous malformation trials. J Neurosurg 126:486\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.6.JNS15619","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097.s001","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097.s001","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30181-2","volume":"19","author":"JP Mohr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohr JP, Overbey JR, Hartmann A, von Kummer R, Al-Shahi Salman R, Kim H, van der Worp HB, Parides MK, Stefani MA, Houdart E, Libman R, Pile-Spellman J, Harkness K, Cordonnier C, Moquete E, Biondi A, Klijn CJM, Stapf C, Moskowitz AJ (2020) Medical management with interventional therapy versus medical management alone for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): final follow-up of a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 19:573\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30181-2","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62302-8","volume":"383","author":"JP Mohr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohr JP, Parides MK, Stapf C, Moquete E, Moy CS, Overbey JR, Salman RAS, Vicaut E, Young WL, Houdart E, Cordonnier C, Stefani MA, Hartmann A, Von Kummer R, Biondi A, Berkefeld J, Klijn CJM, Harkness K, Libman R, Barreau X, Moskowitz AJ (2014) Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet 383:614\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62302-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3016","volume":"339","author":"Z Morris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morris Z, Whiteley WN, Longstreth WT, Weber F, Lee YC, Tsushima Y, Alphs H, Ladd SC, Warlow C, Wardlaw JM, Al-Shahi Salman R (2009) Incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 339:547\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b3016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000684","volume":"83","author":"F Moultrie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moultrie F, Horne MA, Josephson CB, Hall JM, Counsell CE, Bhattacharya JJ, Papanastassiou V, Sellar RJ, Warlow CP, Murray GD, Al-Shahi Salman R, collaborators, SAIVMs collaborators and steering committee (2014) Outcome after surgical or conservative management of cerebral cavernous malformations. Neurology 83:582\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000684","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"17","author":"RG Newcombe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Newcombe RG (1998) Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods. Stat Med 17:857\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8%3c857::AID-SIM777%3e3.0.CO;2-E","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1621-4","volume":"155","author":"M Poorthuis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Poorthuis M, Samarasekera N, Kontoh K, Stuart I, Cope B, Kitchen N, Al-Shahi Salman R (2013) Comparative studies of the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral cavernous malformations in adults: systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 155:643\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-013-1621-4","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"1591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307349","volume":"85","author":"MHF Poorthuis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poorthuis MHF, Klijn CJM, Algra A, Rinkel GJE, Al-Shahi Salman R (2014) Treatment of cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85:1319\u20131323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307349","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1971","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008521","volume":"93","author":"MHF Poorthuis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poorthuis MHF, Rinkel LA, Lammy S, Al-Shahi Salman R (2019) Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review. Neurology 93:E1971\u2013E1979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008521","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2015.1023773","volume":"29","author":"N Qiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiao N, Ma Z, Song J, Wang Y, Shou X, Zhang X, Shen M, Qiu H, Ye Z, He W, Li S, Fu C, Zhao Y (2015) A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgeries performed for treating deep-seated cerebral cavernous malformations. Br J Neurosurg 29:493\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688697.2015.1023773","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12402","volume":"54","author":"F Rosenow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosenow F, Alonso-Vanegas MA, Baumgartner C, Bl\u00fcmcke I, Carre\u00f1o M, Gizewski ER, Hamer HM, Knake S, Kahane P, L\u00fcders HO, Mathern GW, Menzler K, Miller J, Otsuki T, \u00d6zkara C, Pitk\u00e4nen A, Roper SN, Sakamoto AC, Sure U, Walker MC, Steinhoff BJ (2013) Cavernoma-related epilepsy: review and recommendations for management - report of the surgical task force of the ILAE Commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia 54:2025\u20132035","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"1591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30178-2","volume":"19","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothwell PM (2020) Extended short-term follow-up for a trial of treatment of unruptured arteriovenous malformations. Lancet Neurol 19:558\u2013559","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan D, Yu XB, Shrestha S, Wang L, Chen G (2015) The role of hemosiderin excision in seizure outcome in cerebral cavernous malformation surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136619"},{"key":"1591_CR27","unstructured":"Samarasekera N, Poorthuis M, Kontoh K, Stuart I, Respinger C, Berg J, Kitchen N, Al-Shahi Salman R (2012) Guidelines for the management of cerebral cavernous malformations in adults. Genetic Alliance UK & Cavernoma Alliance UK"},{"key":"1591_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19920","volume":"48","author":"P Schuss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuss P, Marx J, Borger V, Brandecker S, G\u00fcresir \u00c1, Hadjiathanasiou A, Hamed M, Schneider M, Surges R, Vatter H, G\u00fcresir E (2020) Cavernoma-related epilepsy in cavernous malformations located within the temporal lobe: surgical management and seizure outcome. Neurosurg Focus 48:E6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19920","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690802354210","volume":"22","author":"A Tarnaris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tarnaris A, Fernandes RP, Kitchen ND (2008) Does conservative management for brain stem cavernomas have better long-term outcome? Br J Neurosurg 22:748\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688690802354210","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0751","volume":"98","author":"HG Wieser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wieser HG, Ortega M, Friedman A, Yonekawa Y (2003) Long-term seizure outcomes following amygdalohippocampectomy. J Neurosurg 98:751\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0751","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1591_CR31","unstructured":"Cavernomas a randomised effectiveness (CARE) pilot trial, to address the effectiveness of active treatment (with neurosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery) versus conservative management in people with symptomatic brain cavernoma. https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/programmes\/hta\/NIHR128694\/#\/."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01591-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T06:09:16Z","timestamp":1644386956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01591-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01591-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0344-5607","1437-2320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0344-5607","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-2320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"RASS reports funding paid to his employer for a consultancy with Recursion Pharmaceuticals and funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR128694) for the Cavernomas A Randomised Effectiveness (CARE) pilot trial. Other authors report no disclosures or conflict of interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}