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The best material for the repair of large cranial defects is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate different implant materials regarding surgery related complications after CP. Type of materials include the autologous bone flap (ABF), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), calcium phosphate reinforced with titanium mesh (CaP-Ti), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). A retrospective, descriptive, observational bicenter study was performed, medical data of all patients who underwent CP after DHC between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2022 were analyzed. Follow-up was until December 31st, 2023. 139 consecutive patients with a median age of 54\u00a0years who received either PMMA (56\/139; 40.3%), PEEK (35\/139; 25.2%), CaP-Ti (21\/139; 15.1%), ABF (25\/139; 18.0%) or HA (2\/139; 1.4%) cranial implant after DHC were included in the study. Median time from DHC to CP was 117\u00a0days and median follow-up period was 43\u00a0months. Surgical site infection was the most frequent surgery-related complication (13.7%; 19\/139). PEEK implants were mostly affected (28.6%; 10\/35), followed by ABF (20%; 5\/25), CaP-Ti implants (9.5%; 2\/21) and PMMA implants (1.7%, 1\/56). Explantation was necessary for 9 PEEK implants (25.7%; 9\/35), 6 ABFs (24.0%; 6\/25), 3 CaP-Ti implants (14.3%; 3\/21) and 4 PMMA implants (7.1%; 4\/56). Besides infection, a postoperative hematoma was the most common cause. Median surgical time was 106\u00a0min, neither longer surgical time nor use of anticoagulation were significantly related to higher infection rates (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.547; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.152 respectively). Ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation prior to CP was noted in 33.8% (47\/139) and not significantly associated with surgical related complications. Perioperative lumbar drainage, due to bulging brain, inserted in 38 patients (27.3%; 38\/139) before surgery was protective when it comes to explantation of the implant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035). Based on our results, CP is still related to a relatively high number of infections and further complications. Implant material seems to have a high effect on postoperative infections, since surgical time, anticoagulation therapy and hydrocephalus did not show a statistically significant effect on postoperative complications in this study. PEEK implants and ABFs seem to possess higher risk of postoperative infection. More biocompatible implants such as CaP-Ti might be beneficial. Further, prospective studies are necessary to answer this question.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02309-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T07:02:33Z","timestamp":1706511753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Exploring complications following cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy: A retrospective bicenter assessment of autologous, PMMA and CAD implants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Pfn\u00fcr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Tosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Petkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Sharon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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